Proximate Composition of Clarias gariepinus Fed Graded Levels of Sesame indicum (Beni seed) Diets
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v13i2.1168Keywords:
Beni seed meal, Sesamum indicum, Fishmeal replacement, Clarias gariepinus nutrition, Aquaculture feed formulationAbstract
This present study investigates the effect of replacing fishmeal with varying levels of Beni seed (Sesamum indicum) meal on the diet of Clarias gariepinus. Three hundred and sixty (360) healthy C. gariepinus (African mud catfish) were stocked in eighteen (18) experimental tanks and fed different graded levels of diets that were developed to contain 40% crude protein using graded levels of sesame seed meal (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) as a replacement of fish meal. Proximate compositions of both diets and fish carcasses were analyzed following the AOAC (2019) methods. Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in moisture, ash, crude fibre, carbohydrate, fat, and crude protein contents among the treatments. Fish fed diets with 50% and 75% Beni seed inclusion (DT4 and DT5) demonstrated superior protein deposition compared to the control and other treatments. However, fish fed a 100% Beni seed diet (DT6) showed reduced ash and protein levels, indicating a nutritional limitation at complete substitution. This research concludes that partial replacement of fishmeal with Beni seed meal, particularly between 50% and 75%, is both nutritionally sound for C. gariepinus culture. Complete replacement (100%) may not support optimal growth due to reduced protein quality and the potential presence of anti-nutritional factors. Thus, incorporation of Beni seed meal up to 75% in fish feed is recommended. Further research may also be conducted on amino acid supplements, processing methods to minimize anti-nutritional value, and long-term performance to improve the practical use of Beni seed meal in aquaculture.
References
Mohanta KN, Subramanian S, Korikanthimath VS. Evaluation of different animal protein sources in formulating the diets for blue gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus) fingerlings. J Aquac Res Dev. 2013;4(2):1–7. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9546.1000164
Adewolu MA, Aro OO. Growth, feed utilization and haematology of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings fed diets containing different levels of vitamin C. Am J Appl Sci. 2009;6(9):1675–1681. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2009.1675.1681
Tacon AGJ, Metian M. Feed matters: satisfying the feed demand of aquaculture. Rev Fish Sci Aquac. 2015;23(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2014.987209
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome: FAO; 2012.
Adesina SA. Haematological and serum biochemical profiles of Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed diets containing different inclusion levels of mechanically extracted sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed meal. Appl Trop Agric. 2017;22(2):24–35. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v19i1.7
Gatlin DM, Barrows FT, Brown P, Dabrowski K, Gaylord TG, Hardy RW, et al. Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review. Aquac Res. 2007;38(6):551–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01704.x
Sintayehu A, Mathies E, Meyer-Burgdorff KH. Apparent digestibility and growth performance of Nile tilapia fed diets with varying levels of soybean meal. Aquaculture. 1996;143(2):133–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1996.tb00075.x
Zhang H, Langham DR, Miao H. Economic and academic importance of sesame. In: Miao H, Zhang H, Kole C, editors. The Sesame Genome. Cham: Springer; 2021. p. 1–18.
Garbia HAA, Shehata AAY, Shahidi F. Effect of processing on oxidative stability and lipid classes of sesame oil. Food Res Int. 2000;33(5):331–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(00)00052-1
Wei P, Zhao F, Wang Z, Wang Q, Chai X, Hou G, et al. Sesamum indicum L.: a comprehensive review of nutritional value, phytochemical composition, health benefits, and industrial applications. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):4079. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194079
Mostashari P, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Sesame seeds: a nutrient-rich superfood. Foods. 2024;13(8):1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13081153
Yakubu N, Isah MC, Musa AI. Nutritional composition and growth performance of fish meal supplemented with Sesamum indicum (beni seed) in diets of Clarias gariepinus. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2020;24(5):741–748. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i5.2
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture. FAO Fish Aquac Tech Pap No. 541. Rome: FAO; 2011.
Majluf P, Matthews K, Pauly D, Skerritt DJ, Palomares MLD. A review of the global use of fishmeal and fish oil and the Fish In:Fish Out metric. Sci Adv. 2024;10(42):eadn5650. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn5650
National Research Council (NRC). Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1993.
Ndatsu Y, Isah MC, Musa AI. Effects of supplementing fish meal with Sesamum indicum on functional properties, phytotoxins and hematological compositions of Clarias gariepinus. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2020;24(10):1723–1729. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i10.4
Taheri Mirghaed A, Yarahmadi P, Soltani M, Paknejad H, Kheirabadi EP. Beneficial effects of a sodium butyrate source on growth performance, intestinal bacterial communities, digestive enzymes, immune responses and disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Surv Fish Sci. 2022;8(3):1–15. https://doi.org/10.18331/sfs2022.8.3.1
Kumar V, Makkar HPS, Becker K. Detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal as a dietary protein source: growth performance, nutrient utilization and digestive enzymes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Aquac Nutr. 2011;17(3):313–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00777.x
Nisarat T, Mahmoud AO, Dawood PK, Seyed HH, Hien VD, Marina P. Replacement of fish meal by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal: effects on growth, haematology, and skin mucus immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Animals (Basel). 2021;11(1):193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010193
Tiamiyu LO, Okomoda VT, Agbo AO. Nutritional suitability of Leucaena leaf meal in the diet of Clarias gariepinus. J Fish Sci. 2015;9(2):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454438.2017.1278733
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th ed. Washington (DC): AOAC; 2019.
Henken AM, Lucas H, Tijssen PAT, Machiels MAM. Quantitative analysis of growth and metabolism in fish. Aquaculture. 1986;56(2):111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(86)90085-2
Effiong MU, Akpan AW, Essien-Ibok MA. Effects of dietary protein levels on proximate, haematological and leukocyte compositions of Clarias gariepinus. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2019;23(11):2065–2069. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i11.25
Zar JH. Biostatistical Analysis. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall; 2010.
James CS. Analytical Chemistry of Foods. London: Chapman & Hall; 1995.
Peters H, Mgbang JE, Essien NA, Ikpeme CE. Nutritional evaluation of breadfruit and beniseed composite flours. Am J Food Sci Technol. 2016;4(6):182–187. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojfpt.2016.02.00056
Hamisu F, Haruna MA, Wudil AH, Zannah UB, Ya’u U, Abdullateef MM. Proximate composition and cost-benefit analysis of smoked Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus treated with some natural spices. Agr Food Nat Resour J. 2023;4(1):1–8.
Lall SP, Dumas A. Nutrition and metabolism of minerals in fish. Rev Aquac. 2021;13(3):1481–1502. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202108.0088.v1
Kokkali M, Karamanlidis E, Kotzamanis Y. Dietary trace mineral (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Se) source and supplementation in aquafeeds: effects on fish performance, quality, and welfare. Aquaculture. 2025;578:742375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.742375
Kim J, Smith DK, Lee S. Substitution effects of fishmeal with plant proteins in aquafeeds: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Mar Sci. 2024;11:1339471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1339471
Saidu A, Gwarzo SA, Tanimu MTB. Effect of processed Sesamum indicum seed meal on growth performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Sahel J Life Sci FUDMA. 2025;3(1):466–471. https://doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2025-0301-57
Jimoh WA, Fagbenro OA, Deparusi EOA. Response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings fed diets containing differently timed wet-heat-treated sesame (Sesamum indicum) seed meal. Agric Sci (Basel). 2014;5(12):1159–1171. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.512126
Olapade OJ, George PQ. Nutritional evaluation of defatted groundnut cake meal with amino acid as protein supplement in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juvenile diet. J Fish Aquat Sci. 2019;14(7):7–14. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2019.7.14
Ihekoronye ME, Ngoddy BN. Chemistry of Oil Extraction. 5th ed. Punglo Press; 1985. p. 21–56.
Fasakin EA, Balogun AM, Ajayi OO. Evaluation of full-fat and defatted maggot meals in the feeding of clariid catfish Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Aquac Res. 2003;34(9):733–738. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00876.x
Hekmatpour F, Nazemroaya S, Mousavi SM, Amiri F, Feshalami MY, Sadr AS, et al. Digestive function and serum biochemical parameters of juvenile Cyprinus carpio in response to substitution of dietary soybean meal with sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) cake. Aquac Rep. 2023;28:101438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101438
Beshaw T, Demssie K, Tefera M, Guadie A. Determination of proximate composition, selected essential and heavy metals in sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) from Ethiopian markets and assessment of associated health risks. Toxicol Rep. 2022;9:1806–1812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.09.009
Olude O, George F, Alegbeleye W. Utilization of autoclaved and fermented sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed meal in diets for tilapia. Anim Nutr. 2016;2(4):339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.09.001
TM O. Growth performance, haematological parameters and carcass composition of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed varying inclusion levels of Asparagus racemosus root meal diet. Int J Fish Aquat Stud. 2023;11(2):91–95. https://doi.org/10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i2b.2792
Hussain SM, Bano AA, Ali S, Rizwan M, Adrees M, Zahoor AF, et al. Substitution of fishmeal: highlights of potential plant protein sources for aquaculture sustainability. Heliyon. 2024;10(4):e26573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26573
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Yakubu Ndatsu, Alhassan Muhammad, Mohammed Isah Chado, Musa Alhaji Isah, Muhammad Dagaci Zago
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
