The occurrence and analysis of bisphenol A (BPA) in environmental samples – a review

Authors

  • Farhana Mohamed Ghazali Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
  • Wan Lutfi Wan Johari Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v3i2.279

Keywords:

occurrence of bisphenol A, endocrine disrupting compounds, analysis method, extraction method

Abstract

This review paper briefly explains the meaning and characteristics of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). EDCs comprise various types of natural and synthetic chemical compounds that can impede the reproductive action of the endocrine system in animals and humans. Further discussion is on bisphenol A (BPA), one of the examples of EDCs that is extensively used in industries nowadays. It acts as a monomer, which is desired in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. BPA later ends up in environmental compartments (air, water, sediment). In spite of this, BPA is not categorized as a persistent compound and it will be degraded either by photolysis or bacteria. It can only exist between three and five days in the environment. The concentration of BPA varies in different locations depending on the temperature, pH, source and time of sampling. BPA has been frequently debated due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity towards animals and humans. This paper also explains several extraction procedures and analytical methods concerning how to identify BPA in either aqueous or solid samples. However, an additional review is needed in respect of how to handle, reduce the level of BPA in the environment and understand the details concerning the existence of BPA

References

Markey CM, Rubin BS, Soto AM, Sonnenschein C. Endocrine disruptors: from Wingspread to environmental developmental biology. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2002 Dec;83(1–5):235–44.

Umar M, Roddick F, Fan L, Aziz HA. Application of ozone for the removal of bisphenol A from water and wastewater – A review. Chemosphere. 2013 Feb;90(8):2197–207.

Rogers JA, Metz L, Yong VW. Review: Endocrine disrupting chemicals and immune responses: A focus on bisphenol-A and its potential mechanisms. Mol Immunol. 2013 Apr;53(4):421–30.

Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Long M, Hofmeister MV, Vinggaard AM. Endocrine-disrupting potential of bisphenol A, bisphenol A dimethacrylate, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-n-octylphenol in vitro: new data and a brief review. Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Dec;115 Suppl 1:69–76.

Mohd MA. Endocrine disruptors research in Malaysia [Internet]. University of Malaya; Available from: https://www.env.go.jp/chemi/end/sympo/2001/report/pdf_e/mohd_e.pdf

Razak ARA, Ujang Z, Ozaki H. Removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) using low pressure reverse osmosis membrane (LPROM). Water Sci Technol. 2007 Oct 1;56(8):161–8.

Sin J-C, Lam S-M, Mohamed AR, Lee K-T, Sin J-C, Lam S-M, et al. Degrading Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals from Wastewater by TiOðŸ Photocatalysis: A Review. Int J Photoenergy. 2011 Oct 18;2012, 2012:e185159.

Sudaryanto A, Kunisue T, Tanabe S, Niida M, Hashim H. Persistent Organochlorine Compounds in Human Breast Milk from Mothers Living in Penang and Kedah, Malaysia. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2005 Aug 24;49(3):429–37.

Mohapatra DP, Brar SK, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY. Physico-chemical pre-treatment and biotransformation of wastewater and wastewater Sludge – Fate of bisphenol A. Chemosphere. 2010 Feb;78(8):923–41.

Fürhacker M, Scharf S, Weber H. Bisphenol A: emissions from point sources. Chemosphere. 2000 Sep;41(5):751–6.

Ballesteros O, Zafra A, Navalón A, Vílchez JL. Sensitive gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric method for the determination of phthalate esters, alkylphenols, bisphenol A and their chlorinated derivatives in wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A. 2006 Jul 21;1121(2):154–62.

Vega-Morales T, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. Determination of alkylphenol polyethoxylates, bisphenol-A, 17α-ethynylestradiol and 17β-estradiol and its metabolites in sewage samples by SPE and LC/MS/MS. J Hazard Mater. 2010 Nov 15;183(1–3):701–11.

Yamamoto T, Yasuhara A, Shiraishi H, Nakasugi O. Bisphenol A in hazardous waste landfill leachates. Chemosphere. 2001 Feb;42(4):415–8.

Dévier M-H, Le Menach K, Viglino L, Di Gioia L, Lachassagne P, Budzinski H. Ultra-trace analysis of hormones, pharmaceutical substances, alkylphenols and phthalates in two French natural mineral waters. Sci Total Environ. 2013 Jan 15;443:621–32.

Snyder SA, Vanderford BJ, Drewes J, Dickenson E, Snyder EM, Bruce GM, et al. State of knowledge of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals in drinking water. Denver, CO: Awwa Research Foundation; 237 p.

Kuster M, López de Alda MJ, Hernando MD, Petrovic M, Martín-Alonso J, Barceló D. Analysis and occurrence of pharmaceuticals, estrogens, progestogens and polar pesticides in sewage treatment plant effluents, river water and drinking water in the Llobregat river basin (Barcelona, Spain). J Hydrol. 2008 Aug 30;358(1–2):112–23.

Sarmah AK, Northcott GL, Scherr FF. Retention of estrogenic steroid hormones by selected New Zealand soils. Environ Int. 2008 Aug;34(6):749–55.

Atkinson SK, Marlatt VL, Kimpe LE, Lean DRS, Trudeau VL, Blais JM. The occurrence of steroidal estrogens in south-eastern Ontario wastewater treatment plants. Sci Total Environ. 2012 Jul 15;430:119–25.

Head KA. Estriol: safety and efficacy. Altern Med Rev J Clin Ther. 1998 Apr;3(2):101–13.

USEPA. Phthalates Action Plan [Internet]. USEPA; 2012 Mar. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/phthalates_actionplan_revised_2012-03-14.pdf

Josefson D. US study highlights high levels of plastic compound in humans. BMJ. 2001 Mar 31;322(7289):756.

vom Saal FS, Welshons WV. Large effects from small exposures. II. The importance of positive controls in low-dose research on bisphenol A. Environ Res. 2006 Jan;100(1):50–76.

Staples CA, Dorn PB, Klecka GM, O’Block ST, Branson DR, Harris LR. Bisphenol A concentrations in receiving waters near US manufacturing and processing facilities. Chemosphere. 2000 Mar;40(5):521–5.

Hu J, Aizawa T, Ookubo S. Products of Aqueous Chlorination of Bisphenol A and Their Estrogenic Activity. Environ Sci Technol. 2002 May;36(9):1980–7.

Yamamoto T, Yasuhara A. Chlorination of bisphenol A in aqueous media: formation of chlorinated bisphenol A congeners and degradation to chlorinated phenolic compounds. Chemosphere. 2002 Mar;46(8):1215–23.

Gallard H, Leclercq A, Croué J-P. Chlorination of bisphenol A: kinetics and by-products formation. Chemosphere. 2004 Aug;56(5):465–73.

Dupuis A, Migeot V, Cariot A, Albouy-Llaty M, Legube B, Rabouan S. Quantification of bisphenol A, 353-nonylphenol and their chlorinated derivatives in drinking water treatment plants. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Nov;19(9):4193–205.

Huang YQ, Wong CKC, Zheng JS, Bouwman H, Barra R, Wahlström B, et al. Bisphenol A (BPA) in China: A review of sources, environmental levels, and potential human health impacts. Environ Int. 2012 Jul;42:91–9.

Lee H-B, Peart TE. Determination of Bisphenol A in Sewage Effluent and Sludge by Solid-Phase and Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. J AOAC Int. 2000 Mar 1;83(2):290–7.

Staples CA, Dome PB, Klecka GM, Oblock ST, Harris LR. A review of the environmental fate, effects, and exposures of bisphenol A. Chemosphere. 1998 Apr 1;36(10):2149–73.

Teeguarden JG, Hanson-Drury S. A systematic review of Bisphenol A “low dose†studies in the context of human exposure: A case for establishing standards for reporting “low-dose†effects of chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 Dec;62:935–48.

Erler C, Novak J. Bisphenol a exposure: human risk and health policy. J Pediatr Nurs. 2010 Oct;25(5):400–7.

USEPA. Bisphenol A [Internet]. 1988. Available from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0356_summary.pdf

Cao, Xu-Liang. Chemistry and analytical methods for determination of bisphenol A in food and biological samples. In Ottawa, Canada; 2010. p. 29.

Kang J-H, Kondo F, Katayama Y. Human exposure to bisphenol A. Toxicology. 2006 Sep 21;226(2–3):79–89.

Brotons JA, Olea-Serrano MF, Villalobos M, Pedraza V, Olea N. Xenoestrogens released from lacquer coatings in food cans. Environ Health Perspect. 1995 Jun;103(6):608–12.

Yoshida T, Horie M, Hoshino Y, Nakazawa H. Determination of bisphenol A in canned vegetables and fruit by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Addit Contam. 2001 Jan;18(1):69–75.

BPA bottles now banned. The Star Online [Internet]. 2012 Mar 1; Available from: http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/03/01/bpa-bottles-now-banned/

Tan BLL, Mustafa AM. Leaching of Bisphenol A from New and Old Babies’ Bottles, and New Babies’ Feeding Teats. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2003 Jul 1;15(2):118–23.

Lim DS, Kwack SJ, Kim K-B, Kim HS, Lee BM. Potential Risk of Bisphenol a Migration From Polycarbonate Containers After Heating, Boiling, and Microwaving. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2009 Sep 30;72(21–22):1285–91.

Krishnan AV, Stathis P, Permuth SF, Tokes L, Feldman D. Bisphenol-A: an estrogenic substance is released from polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving. Endocrinology. 1993 Jun 1;132(6):2279–86.

Pojana G, Bonfà A, Busetti F, Collarin A, Marcomini A. Determination of natural and synthetic estrogenic compounds in coastal lagoon waters by HPLC-electrospray-mass spectrometry. Int J Environ Anal Chem. 2004 Aug 20;84(10):717–27.

Kawahata H, Ohta H, Inoue M, Suzuki A. Endocrine disrupter nonylphenol and bisphenol A contamination in Okinawa and Ishigaki Islands, Japan––within coral reefs and adjacent river mouths. Chemosphere. 2004 Jun;55(11):1519–27.

Santhi VA, Hairin T, Mustafa AM. Simultaneous determination of organochlorine pesticides and bisphenol A in edible marine biota by GC–MS. Chemosphere. 2012 Mar;86(10):1066–71.

Wilson NK, Chuang JC, Lyu C. Levels of persistent organic pollutants in several child day care centers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2001 Dec 27;11(6):449–58.

Crain DA, Eriksen M, Iguchi T, Jobling S, Laufer H, LeBlanc GA, et al. An ecological assessment of bisphenol-A: Evidence from comparative biology. Reprod Toxicol. 2007 Aug;24(2):225–39.

Lee C-C, Jiang L-Y, Kuo Y-L, Hsieh C-Y, Chen CS, Tien C-J. The potential role of water quality parameters on occurrence of nonylphenol and bisphenol A and identification of their discharge sources in the river ecosystems. Chemosphere. 2013 May;91(7):904–11.

Suzuki T, Nakagawa Y, Takano I, Yaguchi K, Yasuda K. Environmental Fate of Bisphenol A and Its Biological Metabolites in River Water and Their Xeno-estrogenic Activity. Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Apr;38(8):2389–96.

Ying G-G, Kookana RS. Degradation of Five Selected Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Seawater and Marine Sediment. Environ Sci Technol. 2003 Apr;37(7):1256–60.

Basheer C, Lee HK, Tan KS. Endocrine disrupting alkylphenols and bisphenol-A in coastal waters and supermarket seafood from Singapore. Mar Pollut Bull. 2004 Jun;48(11–12):1161–7.

Cooper JE, Kendig EL, Belcher SM. Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless steel water bottles. Chemosphere. 2011 Oct;85(6):943–7.

Santhi VA, Sakai N, Ahmad ED, Mustafa AM. Occurrence of bisphenol A in surface water, drinking water and plasma from Malaysia with exposure assessment from consumption of drinking water. Sci Total Environ. 2012 Jun 15;427–428:332–8.

Colin A, Bach C, Rosin C, Munoz J-F, Dauchy X. Is drinking water a major route of human exposure to alkylphenol and bisphenol contaminants in France? Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2014 Jan;66(1):86–99.

Lee H-B, Peart TE, Gris G, Chan J. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Industrial Wastewater Samples in Toronto, Ontario. Water Qual Res J Can. 2002;37(2):459–72.

Hernando MD, Mezcua M, Gómez MJ, Malato O, Agüera A, Fernández-Alba AR. Comparative study of analytical methods involving gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after derivatization and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of selected endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewaters. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Aug 20;1047(1):129–35.

Fukazawa H, Watanabe M, Shiraishi F, Shiraishi H, Shiozawa T, Matsushita H, et al. Formation of Chlorinated Derivatives of Bisphenol A in Waste Paper Recycling Plants and Their Estrogenic Activities. J Health Sci. 2002;48(3):242–9.

Asakura H, Matsuto T, Tanaka N. Behavior of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in leachate from MSW landfill sites in Japan. Waste Manag. 2004;24(6):613–22.

Kurata Y, Ono Y, Ono Y. Occurrence of phenols in leachates from municipal solid waste landfill sites in Japan. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag. 2008 Oct 8;10(2):144–52.

Heemken OP, Reincke H, Stachel B, Theobald N. The occurrence of xenoestrogens in the Elbe river and the North Sea. Chemosphere. 2001 Oct;45(3):245–59.

Stachel B, Ehrhorn U, Heemken O-P, Lepom P, Reincke H, Sawal G, et al. Xenoestrogens in the River Elbe and its tributaries. Environ Pollut. 2003 Aug;124(3):497–507.

Boyd GR, Palmeri JM, Zhang S, Grimm DA. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in stormwater canals and Bayou St. John in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Sci Total Environ. 2004 Oct 15;333(1–3):137–48.

Jin X, Jiang G, Huang G, Liu J, Zhou Q. Determination of 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A in surface waters from the Haihe River in Tianjin by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Chemosphere. 2004 Sep;56(11):1113–9.

Zhang X, Li Q, Li G, Wang Z, Yan C. Levels of estrogenic compounds in Xiamen Bay sediment, China. Mar Pollut Bull. 2009 Aug;58(8):1210–6.

Bolz U, Hagenmaier H, Körner W. Phenolic xenoestrogens in surface water, sediments, and sewage sludge from Baden-Württemberg, south-west Germany. Environ Pollut. 2001 Dec;115(2):291–301.

Fromme H, Küchler T, Otto T, Pilz K, Müller J, Wenzel A. Occurrence of phthalates and bisphenol A and F in the environment. Water Res. 2002 Mar;36(6):1429–38.

Chu S, Haffner GD, Letcher RJ. Simultaneous determination of tetrabromobisphenol A, tetrachlorobisphenol A, bisphenol A and other halogenated analogues in sediment and sludge by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2005 Dec 2;1097(1–2):25–32.

Pojana G, Gomiero A, Jonkers N, Marcomini A. Natural and synthetic endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water, sediment and biota of a coastal lagoon. Environ Int. 2007 Oct;33(7):929–36.

Kitada Y, Kawahata H, Suzuki A, Oomori T. Distribution of pesticides and bisphenol A in sediments collected from rivers adjacent to coral reefs. Chemosphere. 2008 May;71(11):2082–90.

Robinson BJ, Hui JPM, Soo EC, Hellou J. Estrogenic compounds in seawater and sediment from Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009 Jan 1;28(1):18–25.

Sánchez-Brunete C, Miguel E, Tadeo JL. Determination of tetrabromobisphenol-A, tetrachlorobisphenol-A and bisphenol-A in soil by ultrasonic assisted extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2009 Jul 17;1216(29):5497–503.

Mortazavi S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Sari AE, Bahramifar N, Rahbarizade F. Phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in Anzali Wetland, Iran: Elevated concentrations of 4-nonylphenol, octhylphenol and bisphenol A. Mar Pollut Bull. 2012 May;64(5):1067–73.

Fent G, Hein WJ, Moendel MJ, Kubiak R. Fate of 14C-bisphenol A in soils. Chemosphere. 2003 Jun;51(8):735–46.

Zeng G, Zhang C, Huang G, Yu J, Wang Q, Li J, et al. Adsorption behavior of bisphenol A on sediments in Xiangjiang River, Central-south China. Chemosphere. 2006 Nov;65(9):1490–9.

Berkner S, Streck G, Herrmann R. Development and validation of a method for determination of trace levels of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in atmospheric samples. Chemosphere. 2004 Jan;54(4):575–84.

Matsumoto H, Adachi S, Suzuki Y. Bisphenol A in Ambient Air Particulates Responsible for theProliferation of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells and Its ConcentrationChanges over 6 Months. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2005 Mar 24;48(4):459–66.

Potyrailo RA, Lemmon JP. Time-Modulated Combinatorially Developed Optical Sensors for Determination of Non-Volatile Analytes in Complex Samples. QSAR Comb Sci. 2005 Feb 1;24(1):7–14.

He Y, Miao M, Wu C, Yuan W, Gao E, Zhou Z, et al. Occupational Exposure Levels of Bisphenol A among Chinese Workers. J Occup Health. 2009;51(5):432–6.

Hanaoka T, Kawamura N, Hara K, Tsugane S. Urinary bisphenol A and plasma hormone concentrations in male workers exposed to bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and mixed organic solvents. Occup Environ Med. 2002 Sep;59(9):625–8.

Owens CV, Lambright C, Bobseine K, Ryan B, Gray LE, Gullett BK, et al. Identification of Estrogenic Compounds Emitted from the Combustion of Computer Printed Circuit Boards in Electronic Waste. Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Dec;41(24):8506–11.

Fu P, Kawamura K. Ubiquity of bisphenol A in the atmosphere. Environ Pollut Barking Essex 1987. 2010 Oct;158(10):3138–43.

Vandenberg LN, Hauser R, Marcus M, Olea N, Welshons WV. Human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Reprod Toxicol. 2007 Aug;24(2):139–77.

Hunt PA, Koehler KE, Susiarjo M, Hodges CA, Ilagan A, Voigt RC, et al. Bisphenol A Exposure Causes Meiotic Aneuploidy in the Female Mouse. Curr Biol. 2003 Apr;13(7):546–53.

Ichihara T, Yoshino H, Imai N, Tsutsumi T, Kawabe M, Tamano S, et al. Lack of Carcinogenic Risk in the Prostate with Transplacental and Lactational Exposure to Bisphenol a in Rats. J Toxicol Sci. 2003;28(3):165–71.

Timms BG, Howdeshell KL, Barton L, Bradley S, Richter CA, Saal FS vom. Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 10;102(19):7014–9.

Ho S-M, Tang W-Y, Frausto JB de, Prins GS. Developmental Exposure to Estradiol and Bisphenol A Increases Susceptibility to Prostate Carcinogenesis and Epigenetically Regulates Phosphodiesterase Type 4 Variant 4. Cancer Res. 2006 Jun 1;66(11):5624–32.

Markey CM, Luque EH, Toro MM de, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. In Utero Exposure to Bisphenol A Alters the Development and Tissue Organization of the Mouse Mammary Gland. Biol Reprod. 2001 Oct 1;65(4):1215–23.

Markey CM, Coombs MA, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. Mammalian development in a changing environment: exposure to endocrine disruptors reveals the developmental plasticity of steroid-hormone target organs. Evol Dev. 2003 Jan 1;5(1):67–75.

Wistuba J, Brinkworth MH, Schlatt S, Chahoud I, Nieschlag E. Intrauterine bisphenol A exposure leads to stimulatory effects on Sertoli cell number in rats. Environ Res. 2003 Feb;91(2):95–103.

Markey CM, Wadia PR, Rubin BS, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. Long-Term Effects of Fetal Exposure to Low Doses of the Xenoestrogen Bisphenol-A in the Female Mouse Genital Tract. Biol Reprod. 2005 Jun 1;72(6):1344–51.

Murray TJ, Maffini MV, Ucci AA, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. Induction of mammary gland ductal hyperplasias and carcinoma in situ following fetal bisphenol A exposure. Reprod Toxicol. 2007 Apr;23(3):383–90.

Tiwari D, Vanage G. Mutagenic effect of Bisphenol A on adult rat male germ cells and their fertility. Reprod Toxicol. 2013 Sep;40:60–8.

Krishnan K, Gagné M, Nong A, Aylward LL, Hays SM. Biomonitoring Equivalents for bisphenol A (BPA). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Oct;58(1):18–24.

Geens T, Goeyens L, Covaci A. Are potential sources for human exposure to bisphenol-A overlooked? Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Sep;214(5):339–47.

Christensen KLY, Lorber M, Koslitz S, Brüning T, Koch HM. The contribution of diet to total bisphenol A body burden in humans: Results of a 48 hour fasting study. Environ Int. 2012 Dec 1;50:7–14.

Khedr A. Optimized extraction method for LC–MS determination of bisphenol A, melamine and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in selected soft drinks, syringes, and milk powder. J Chromatogr B. 2013 Jul 1;930:98–103.

Rezg R, El-Fazaa S, Gharbi N, Mornagui B. Bisphenol A and human chronic diseases: Current evidences, possible mechanisms, and future perspectives. Environ Int. 2014 Mar;64:83–90.

Tomšíková H, Aufartová J, Solich P, Nováková L, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. High-sensitivity analysis of female-steroid hormones in environmental samples. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2012 Apr;34:35–58.

Pedersen SN, Lindholst C. Quantification of the xenoestrogens 4-tert.-octylphenol and bisphenol A in water and in fish tissue based on microwave assisted extraction, solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1999 Dec 9;864(1):17–24.

Chen T-C, Shue M-F, Yeh Y-L, Kao T-J. Bisphenol A occurred in Kao-Pin River and its tributaries in Taiwan. Environ Monit Assess. 2010 Feb;161(1–4):135–45.

Mousa A, Basheer C, Rahman Al-Arfaj A. Application of electro-enhanced solid-phase microextraction for determination of phthalate esters and bisphenol A in blood and seawater samples. Talanta. 2013 Oct 15;115:308–13.

Cai Y, Jiang G, Liu J, Zhou Q. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the determination of bisphenol A, 4-n-nonylphenol, and 4-tert-octylphenol. Anal Chem. 2003 May 15;75(10):2517–21.

Liu R, Zhou JL, Wilding A. Simultaneous determination of endocrine disrupting phenolic compounds and steroids in water by solid-phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Jan 2;1022(1–2):179–89.

Gros M, Petrović M, Barceló D. Multi-residue analytical methods using LC-tandem MS for the determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental and wastewater samples: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2006 Jul 8;386(4):941–52.

Coughlin JL, Winnik B, Buckley B. Measurement of bisphenol A, bisphenol A ß-D-glucuronide, genistein, and genistein 4’-ß-D-glucuronide via SPE and HPLC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Aug;401(3):995–1002.

Chang H-S, Choo K-H, Lee B, Choi S-J. The methods of identification, analysis, and removal of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in water. J Hazard Mater. 2009 Dec 15;172(1):1–12.

del Olmo M, González-Casado A, Navas NA, Vilchez JL. Papers presented at Euroanalysis IX, Session on “Emerging Techniques in Environmental Analysisâ€Determination of bisphenol A (BPA) in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 1997 Jun 30;346(1):87–92.

Dekant W, Völkel W. Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring: Methods, results and assessment of environmental exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Apr 1;228(1):114–34.

Yasuhara A, Shiraishi H, Nishikawa M, Yamamoto T, Uehiro T, Nakasugi O, et al. Determination of organic components in leachates from hazardous waste disposal sites in Japan by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1997 Jul 11;774(1–2):321–32.

Gabet V, Miège C, Bados P, Coquery M. Analysis of estrogens in environmental matrices. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2007 Dec;26(11):1113–31.

Dorival-García N, Zafra-Gómez A, Navalón A, Vílchez JL. Analysis of bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives in sewage sludge samples. Comparison of the efficiency of three extraction techniques. J Chromatogr A. 2012 Aug 31;1253:1–10.

Dorival-García N, Zafra-Gómez A, Navalón A, Vílchez JL. Improved sample treatment for the determination of bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives in sewage sludge samples by pressurized liquid extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta. 2012 Nov 15;101:1–10.

Salgueiro-González N, Concha-Graña E, Turnes-Carou I, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Determination of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in seawater samples by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for compliance with environmental quality standards (Directive 2008/105/EC). J Chromatogr A. 2012 Feb 3;1223:1–8.

Rodriguez-Mozaz S, de Alda ML, Barceló D. Analysis of bisphenol A in natural waters by means of an optical immunosensor. Water Res. 2005 Dec;39(20):5071–9.

Zafra A, del Olmo M, Suárez B, Hontoria E, Navalón A, VıÌlchez JL. Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric method for the determination of bisphenol A and its chlorinated derivatives in urban wastewater. Water Res. 2003 Feb;37(4):735–42.

VıÌlchez JL, Zafra A, González-Casado A, Hontoria E, del Olmo M. Determination of trace amounts of bisphenol F, bisphenol A and their diglycidyl ethers in wastewater by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2001 Mar 8;431(1):31–40.

Watabe Y, Kondo T, Morita M, Tanaka N, Haginaka J, Hosoya K. Determination of bisphenol A in environmental water at ultra-low level by high-performance liquid chromatography with an effective on-line pretreatment device. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Apr 2;1032(1–2):45–9.

Sajiki J, Yonekubo J. Leaching of bisphenol A (BPA) to seawater from polycarbonate plastic and its degradation by reactive oxygen species. Chemosphere. 2003 Apr;51(1):55–62.

Hashimoto S, Ueda Y, Kurihara R, Shiraishi F. Comparison of the estrogenic activities of seawater extracts from Suruga Bay, Japan, based on chemical analysis or bioassay. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007 Feb 1;26(2):279–86.

Kawaguchi M, Inoue K, Yoshimura M, Ito R, Sakui N, Okanouchi N, et al. Determination of bisphenol A in river water and body fluid samples by stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ derivatization and thermal desorption-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B. 2004 Jun 5;805(1):41–8.

Kawaguchi M, Ito R, Endo N, Okanouchi N, Sakui N, Saito K, et al. Liquid phase microextraction with in situ derivatization for measurement of bisphenol A in river water sample by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2006 Mar 31;1110(1–2):1–5.

Yamamoto T, Yasuhara A. Quantities of bisphenol a leached from plastic waste samples. Chemosphere. 1999 May 1;38(11):2569–76.

Chang C-M, Chou C-C, Lee M-R. Determining leaching of bisphenol A from plastic containers by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta. 2005 May 10;539(1–2):41–7.

Wang L, Ying G-G, Zhao J-L, Liu S, Yang B, Zhou L-J, et al. Assessing estrogenic activity in surface water and sediment of the Liao River system in northeast China using combined chemical and biological tools. Environ Pollut. 2011 Jan;159(1):148–56.

Yan Z, Lu G, Liu J, Jin S. An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and feminization risk in fish in Taihu Lake, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2012 Oct 1;84:334–40.

Ying G-G, Kookana RS, Kumar A, Mortimer M. Occurrence and implications of estrogens and xenoestrogens in sewage effluents and receiving waters from South East Queensland. Sci Total Environ. 2009 Sep 1;407(18):5147–55.

Shin H-S, Park C, Park S-J, Pyo H. Sensitive determination of bisphenol A in environmental water by gas chromatography with nitrogen–phosphorus detection after cyanomethylation. J Chromatogr A. 2001 Mar 30;912(1):119–25.

Bayen S, Zhang H, Desai MM, Ooi SK, Kelly BC. Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceutically active and endocrine disrupting compounds in Singapore’s marine environment: influence of hydrodynamics and physical-chemical properties. Environ Pollut Barking Essex 1987. 2013 Nov;182:1–8.

Tan BLL, Mustafa AM. The Monitoring of Pesticides and Alkylphenols in Selected Rivers in the State of Selan Jor, Malaysia. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2004 Jan 1;16(1):54–63.

Downloads

Published

31.12.2015

How to Cite

Ghazali, F. M., & Johari, W. L. W. (2015). The occurrence and analysis of bisphenol A (BPA) in environmental samples – a review. Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3(2), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v3i2.279

Issue

Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015)

Section

Articles

License

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

    1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
    2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
    3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).