Antimicrobial Effects of Chrysophyllum albidum on Bacterial Isolates from Urinary Catheters
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v13i1.1118Keywords:
Chrysophyllum albidum, Antibacterial, Extracts, Phytochemicals, CAUTIAbstract
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts obtained from Chrysophyllum albidum plant parts (leaves, roots, and seeds) were used to evaluate the potential antibacterial activity against bacteria isolated from urinary catheter tips. The following isolates were recovered: P. aeruginosa (7), S. aureus (15), E. coli (11), P. mirabilis (11), and K. aerogenes (6). The agar well diffusion method was used. The average percentages of antimicrobial resistance to gentamicin among the isolates were 45.5% for P. aeruginosa, 42.1% for E. coli, 46.9% for K. aerogenes, and ˃90% for the other isolates. The ethanolic extract mixtures (leaf, root, and seed) had the greatest effect on all the isolates, with inhibition zones (IZs) ranging from 8 to 26 mm and MICs ranging from <16 to 32 mg/mL. The Potencies of the C. albidum extracts based on the IZ and MIC values were greater in the extract mixtures, followed by those in the roots. Phytochemical screening revealed that all extracts contained phenols, except the seeds, while tannins were present in all extracts except the leaves. The activity of the ethanolic extracts of each part at both high and low concentrations was greater than that of the aqueous extracts at the same concentrations (p < 0.05). The acute toxicity results showed that the LD50 of the extracts was greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight, indicating no toxicity. The antibacterial activities of the extract mixtures and roots against the isolates confirmed the use of C. albidum in folk medicine for the treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), indicating its potential for use in novel antibiotic production.
References
Foley FE. Hemostatic bag catheter: one piece latex rubber structure for the control of bleeding and constant drainage following prostatic resection. J Urol. 1937;38:134-9.
Werneburg GT. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Res Rep Urol. 2022;12:109-33.
Agwu NP, Umar AM, Oyibo UE. Urethral catheters and catheterization techniques. Niger J Med. 2022;31(5):527-32.
Smith MA, Puckrin P, Lam PW, et al. Association of increased colony-count threshold for urinary pathogens in hospitalized patients with antimicrobial treatment. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(6):769-74.
Noval MM. Evaluating the incidence of bacteriuria in female patients before and after implementation of external urinary collection devices. Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol. 2022;2(1):e44.
Hariati H. Risk factor analysis for catheter-associated urinary tract infections in Medan, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2019;7(19):3189-94.
Nicastri E. Guide to infectious control in the healthcare setting: healthcare-assisted urinary tract infections. Int Soc Infect Dis. 2021.
Mong I, Ramoo V, Sasheela P, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice in relation to catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2022;31(1-2):197-205.
Ashiru-Oredope D, Cunningham N, Casale E, et al. Reporting England's progress towards the ambitions in the UK action plan for antimicrobial resistance: the English surveillance programme for antimicrobial utilisation and resistance (ESPAUR). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023;78(10):2387-91.
Ndomba ALM. Urinary tract infections and associated factors among patients with indwelling urinary catheters attending Bugando Medical Centre, Tanzania. Microorganisms. 2022;10(2):473.
Dey P, Puppala ER, Naidu VGM, et al. Multifunctional synthetic amphiphile for niche therapeutic application: mitigation of MRSA biofilms and potential in wound healing. ACS Appl Biomater. 2020;3(12):8830-40.
Pietrocola G, Campoccia D, Motta C, et al. Colonization and infection of indwelling medical devices by Staphylococcus aureus with an emphasis on orthopedic implants. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(11):5958.
Chaachouay N, Zidane L. Plant-derived natural products: a source for drug discovery and development. Drugs Drug Candidates. 2024;3(1):184-207.
Aremu AO, Makunga N. Africa is a treasure trove of medicinal plants: here are seven that are popular. The Conversation. 2022.
Adebayo AH, Abolaji AO, Opata TK, Adegbenro IK. Effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Chrysophyllum albidum on biochemical and haematological parameters of albino Wistar rats. Afr J Biotechnol. 2010;9(14):2145-50.
Humphries R, Bobenchik AM, Hindler JK, Schuetz AN. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 33rd ed. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2023.
Sofowora A. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. 2nd ed. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd; 1993. p. 289.
Harborne JB. Phytochemical methods: a guide to modern techniques of plant analysis. 3rd ed. London: Chapman and Hall; 1998. p. 49-188.
Ryan KJ, Ray CG. Sherris medical microbiology. 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2014.
Cowan ST, Steel S. Manual for the identification of medical bacteria. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993. J Clin Pathol. 46(10):975.
Nascimento GGF, Locatelli J, Freitas PC, Silva GL. Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Braz J Microbiol. 2000;31:247-56.
Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 7-Appendix I.
Humphries R, Bobenchik AM, Hindler JK, Schuetz AN. Manual of clinical microbiology. 31st ed. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2021.
National Institutes of Health. Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. NIH publication no. 85-123. Bethesda, MD: NIH; 1985.
Wexler P, editor. Encyclopedia of toxicology. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2005. p. 233-9.
Esfanddayani HM. Photosynthesis of transition (Ni, Fe, Co, Cr and Mn) metals and their oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications: a review. J Mater Sci. 2024;59:1-20.
Adewusi HA. The African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum): indigenous knowledge from Ibadan, Nigeria. In: Denton OA, Ladipo DO, Adetoro MA, Sarumi MP, editors. Proceedings of a National Workshop on the Potentials of the Star Apple in Nigeria. 1997. p. 25-33.
Rodriguez-Negrete EV, Morales-Gonzalez A, Madrigal-Santillan E, et al. Phytochemicals and their usefulness in the maintenance of health. Plants. 2024;13(4):523.
Ali HS, Mishra S. Natural products of antiparasitic, antifungal and antibacterial agents. In: Drugs from nature: targets, assay systems and leads. Singapore: Springer; 2024. p. 367-409.
Adegun PT, Odimayo MS, Olaogun JG, Emmanuel EE. Comparison of uropathogens and antibiotic susceptibility patterns in catheterized Nigerian patients with bladder outlet obstruction. Turk J Urol. 2019;45(1):48-55.
Al-Bizri LA, Vahia AT, Rizvi K, et al. Effect of a urine culture stewardship initiative on urine culture utilization and catheter-associated urinary tract infections in intensive care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021;42(8):916-22.
Idowu TO, Onawunmi GO, Ogundaini AO, Adesanya SA. Antimicrobial constituents of Chrysophyllum albidum seed cotyledons. Niger J Nat Prod Med. 2003;7:33-6.
Ko HY. Managing neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in spinal cord injuries. In: A practical guide to care of spinal cord injuries: clinical questions and answers. Singapore: Springer; 2023. p. 512-56.
Wambui CM. Compliance with CDC guidelines for catheter-associated urinary tract infection prevention among nurses at Embu Level 5 Hospital. (dissertation). Thika, Kenya: Mount Kenya University; 2021.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Christian Ebere Ugochukwu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
