Fungal Biomass Immobilized on Polyacrylamide for the Adsorption of Chromium Ions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54987/9qprpv83Keywords:
Cr(VI), Fungal biomass, Polyacrylamide immobilization, Brouers–Sotolongo isotherm, MOORA rankingAbstract
Chromium pollution is a serious environmental problem because hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is highly soluble, mobile, and toxic in aquatic systems. Using low-cost biosorbents in adsorption-based remediation proffers a prosperous treatment strategy, especially when stable polymeric matrices such as polyacrylamide are used to immobilize fungal biomass to improve operational stability, handling, and recovery. MOORA-based model ranking and nonlinear isotherm modelling are employed in this study to evaluate the equilibrium adsorption of Cr(VI) onto polyacrylamide-immobilized fungal biomass. Cr(VI) adsorption capacity continues to increase with an increase in equilibrium concentration and then follows an apparent plateau at higher Ce values, suggesting gradual binding of chromium species at available binding sites and an approach toward saturation. According to the MOORA ranking, the best-performing model was the Brouers–Sotolongo model. The maximum adsorption capacity of the Brouers-Sotolongo model was 76.33 mg/g (95% confidence interval from 51.29 to 101.37 mg/g) while the Langmuir model estimated the maximum adsorption at 68.05 mg/g (95% confidence interval from 61.89 to 75.11 mg/g). The potential of polyacrylamide-immobilized fungal biomass for Cr(VI) adsorption is demonstrated.
References
1 Srinath T, Verma T, Ramteke P, Garg S. Chromium (VI) biosorption and bioaccumulation by chromate resistant bacteria. Chemosphere 2002;48:427–35
2 Ahemad M. Bacterial mechanisms for Cr (VI) resistance and reduction: an overview and recent advances. Folia Microbiol. (Praha) 2014;59:321–32
3 Pandey K, Saharan BS, Kumar R, Jabborova D, Duhan JS. Modern-day green strategies for the removal of chromium from wastewater. J. Xenobiotics 2024;14:1670–96. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14040089
4 Ullah I, Nadeem R, Iqbal M, Manzoor Q. Biosorption of chromium onto native and immobilized sugarcane bagasse waste biomass. Ecol. Eng. 2013;60:99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.028
5 Bai RS, Abraham TE. Studies on chromium(VI) adsorption–desorption using immobilized fungal biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 2003;87:17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00222-5
6 Park D, Yun Y-S, Park JM. Use of dead fungal biomass for the detoxification of hexavalent chromium: screening and kinetics. Process Biochem. 2005;40:2559–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.12.002
7 Khambhaty Y, Mody K, Basha S, Jha B. Biosorption of Cr(VI) onto marine Aspergillus niger: experimental studies and pseudo-second order kinetics. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2009;25:1413–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0028-0
8 Mungasavalli DP, Viraraghavan T, Jin Y-C. Biosorption of chromium from aqueous solutions by pretreated Aspergillus niger: Batch and column studies. Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 2007;301:214–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.12.060
9 Lebkiri I, Abbou B, Kadiri L, Ouass A, Essaadaoui Y, Ouaddari H, et al. Polyacrylamide hydrogel an effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal from aqueous solution: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 2022;96:1484-92. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024422070159
10 Cao J, Tan Y, Che Y, Xin H. Novel complex gel beads composed of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and chitosan: An effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal from aqueous solution. Bioresour. Technol. 2010;101:2558-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.10.069
11 Ma J, Zhou G, Chu L, Liu Y, Liu C, Luo S, et al. Efficient removal of heavy metal ions with an EDTA functionalized chitosan/polyacrylamide double network hydrogel. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2017;5:843-51. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02181
12 Moreno-Sader K, García-Padilla A, Realpe A, Acevedo-Morantes M, Soares JB. Removal of heavy metal water pollutants (Co2+ and Ni2+) using polyacrylamide/sodium montmorillonite (PAM/Na-MMT) nanocomposites. ACS Omega 2019;4:10834-44. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00981
13 Khare KS, Phelan FR. Quantitative Comparison of Atomistic Simulations with Experiment for a Cross-Linked Epoxy: A Specific Volume-Cooling Rate Analysis. Macromolecules 2018;51:564-75. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01303
14 Ross T. Indices for performance evaluation of predictive models in food microbiology. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 1996;81:501-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb01946.x15.
15 Ezekiel M. The Sampling Variability of Linear and Curvilinear Regressions: A First Approximation to the Reliability of the Results Secured by the Graphic “Successive Approximation” Method. Ann. Math. Stat. 1930;1:275–333. https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177733062
16 Akaike H. Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika 1987;52:317–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294359
17 Burnham KP, Anderson DR. Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2002.
18 Marquardt DW. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 1963;11:431–41
19 Seidel A, Gelbin D. On applying the ideal adsorbed solution theory to multicomponent adsorption equilibria of dissolved organic components on activated carbon. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1988;43:79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(88)87128-8
20 Porter JF, McKay G, Choy KH. The prediction of sorption from a binary mixture of acidic dyes using single- and mixed-isotherm variants of the ideal adsorbed solute theory. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1999;54:5863–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(99)00178-5
21 Schwarz G. Estimating the Dimension of a Model. Ann. Stat. 1978;6:461–4
22 Motulsky HJ, Ransnas LA. Fitting curves to data using nonlinear regression: a practical and nonmathematical review. FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 1987;1:365–74. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3315805
23 Ridha FN, Webley PA. Anomalous Henry’s law behavior of nitrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption on alkali-exchanged chabazite zeolites. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2009;67:336–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.03.045
24 Langmuir I. The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids. Part I. Solids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1916;38:2221–95. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02268a002
25 Jovanović DS. Physical adsorption of gases - I: Isotherms for monolayer and multilayer adsorption. Kolloid-Z. Amp Z. Für Polym. 1969;235:1203–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542530
26 Carmo AM, Hundal LS, Thompson ML. Sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds by soil materials: Application of unit equivalent Freundlich coefficients. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000;34:4363–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/es000968v
27 Radushkevich LV. Potential theory of sorption and structure of carbons. Zhurnal Fiz. Khimii 1949;23:1410–20
28 Dubinin MM. Modern state of the theory of volume filling of micropore adsorbents during adsorption of gases and steams on carbon adsorbents. Zh Fiz Khim 1965;39:1305–17
29 Mahanty B, Behera SK, Sahoo NK. Misinterpretation of Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm and its implications on adsorption parameter estimates. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2023;58:1275–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2189050
30 Mudhoo A, Pittman CU. The Dubinin-Radushkevich models: Dissecting the ps/p to cs/ce replacement in solid-aqueous interfacial adsorption and tracking the validity of E = 8 kJ mol–1 for assigning sorption type. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2023;198:370–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2023.09.020
31 Koble RA, Corrigan TE. Adsorption isotherms for pure hydrocarbons. Ind. Eng. Chem. 1952;44:383–7. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50506a049
32 Temkin MI, Pyzhev V. Kinetics of ammonia synthesis on promoted iron catalysts. Acta Physicochim USSR 1940;12:327–56
33 Chu KH. Revisiting the Temkin Isotherm: Dimensional Inconsistency and Approximate Forms. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01788
34 Redlich O, Peterson DL. A Useful Adsorption Isotherm. Shell Dev. Co. Emeryv. Calif. 1958;63:1024
35 Sips R. On the structure of a catalyst surface. J. Chem. Phys. 1948;16:490–5. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1746922
36 Tóth J. Uniform interpretation of gas/solid adsorption. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 1995;55:1–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(94)00226-3
37 Hill AV. The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of haemoglobin on its dissociation curves. J Physiol 1910;40:iv–vii. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1936.0046
38 Brunauer S, Emmett PH, Teller E. Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938;60:309–19. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a023
39 Vieth WR, Sladek KJ. A model for diffusion in a glassy polymer. J. Colloid Sci. 1965;20:1014–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0095-8522(65)90071-1
40 Brouers F, Sotolongo O, Marquez F, Pirard JP. Microporous and heterogeneous surface adsorption isotherms arising from Levy distributions. Phys. Stat. Mech. Its Appl. 2005;349:271–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2004.10.032
41 Hamissa AMB, Brouers F, Mahjoub B, Seffen M. Adsorption of Textile Dyes Using Agave Americana (L.) Fibres: Equilibrium and Kinetics Modelling. Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. 2007;25:311–25. https://doi.org/10.1260/026361707783432533
42 Brouers F, Al-Musawi TJ. Brouers-Sotolongo fractal kinetics versus fractional derivative kinetics: A new strategy to analyze the pollutants sorption kinetics in porous materials. J. Hazard. Mater. 2018;350:162–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.02.015
43 Fritz W, Schluender EU. Simultaneous adsorption equilibria of organic solutes in dilute aqueous solutions on activated carbon. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1974;29:1279–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(74)80128-4
44 Chu KH, Tan B. Is the Frumkin (Fowler–Guggenheim) adsorption isotherm a two- or three-parameter equation? Colloid Interface Sci. Commun. 2021;45:100519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2021.100519https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2021.100519
45 Martucci A, Braschi I, Bisio C, Sarti E, Rodeghero E, Bagatin R, et al. Influence of water on the retention of methyl tertiary-butyl ether by high silica ZSM-5 and Y zeolites: A multidisciplinary study on the adsorption from liquid and gas phase. RSC Adv. 2015;5:86997–7006. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15201a
46 Chu KH, Debord J, Harel M, Bollinger J-C. Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, Which Is the Fairest of Them All? Comparing the Hill, Sips, Koble–Corrigan, and Liu Adsorption Isotherms. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2022;61:6781–90. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00507
47 Shukor MY. Chitosan–Silica Composite Aerogel for the Adsorption of Cupric Ions: Isothermal Remodeling and MOORA-Based Model Selection. J. Environ. Microbiol. Toxicol. 2024;12:53–62. https://doi.org/10.54987/jemat.v12i2.1026
48 Karel W, Brauers W, Zavadskas E. The MOORA method and its application to privatization in a transition economy. Control Cybern. 2006;35
49 Brauers W. Multi-objective seaport planning by MOORA decision making. Ann. Oper. Res. 2013;206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-013-1314-7
50 Beig S-U-R, Shah SA. Biosorption of Cr (VI) by acid-modified based-waste fungal biomass from Calocybe indica fruiting bodies production. Int. J. Phytoremediation 2023;25:1269–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2022.2147145
51 Micheletti DH, Andrade JGS, Porto CE, Barros BCB, Rosa SLF, Sakai OA, et al. Valorization of agro-industrial wastes of sugarcane bagasse and rice husk for biosorption of Yellow Tartrazine dye. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 2024;96:e20231308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202420231308
52 Sipos P. Searching for optimum adsorption curve for metal sorption on soils: comparison of various isotherm models fitted by different error functions. SN Appl. Sci. 2021;3:387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04383-0
53 Zuo S, Sun Y, Zheng Y, Sun X, Hu J. Efficient selective uptake of Hg(Ⅱ) using a porous organic polymer rich in N and S atoms. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2024;12:111924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.111924
54 Unuabonah EI, Adebowale KO, Olu-Owolabi BI, Yang LZ, Kong LX. Adsorption of Pb (II) and Cd (II) from aqueous solutions onto sodium tetraborate-modified Kaolinite clay: Equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Hydrometallurgy 2008;93:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.02.009
55 Sivarajasekar N, Baskar R. Adsorption of basic red 9 onto activated carbon derived from immature cotton seeds: isotherm studies and error analysis. Desalination Water Treat. 2014;52:7743–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.834518
56 Veličković ZS, Marinković AD, Bajić ZJ, Marković JM, Perić-Grujić AA, Uskokovic PS, et al. Oxidized and ethylenediamine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the separation of low concentration arsenate from water. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2013;48:2047–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2013.790446
57 Mondal S, Sinha K, Aikat K, Halder G. Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics of ranitidine hydrochloride onto superheated steam activated carbon derived from mung bean husk. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2015;3:187–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.11.021
58 Anirudhan TS, Deepa JR, Christa J. Nanocellulose/nanobentonite composite anchored with multi-carboxyl functional groups as an adsorbent for the effective removal of Cobalt(II) from nuclear industry wastewater samples. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;467:307–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.01.023
59 da Rosa ALD, Carissimi E, Dotto GL, Sander H, Feris LA. Biosorption of rhodamine B dye from dyeing stones effluents using the green microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa. J. Clean. Prod. 2018;198:1302–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.128
60 Torres-Caban R, Vega-Olivencia CA, Alamo-Nole L, Morales-Irizarry D, Roman-Velazquez F, Mina-Camilde N. Removal of copper from water by adsorption with calcium-alginate/spent-coffee-grounds composite beads. Materials 2019;12:395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030395
61 Zhang M, Zhu L, He C, Xu X, Duan Z, Liu S, et al. Adsorption performance and mechanisms of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Mn(II) removal by a β-cyclodextrin derivative. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2019;26:5094–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3989-4
62 Gupta A, Gupta N, Garg R, Kumar R. Evaluation, Selection and Ranking of Software Reliability Growth Models using Multi criteria Decision making Approach. 2018 4th Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. Autom. ICCCA 2018:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCAA.2018.8777644
63 Lambert RJW, Mytilinaios I, Maitland L, Brown AM. Monte Carlo simulation of parameter confidence intervals for non-linear regression analysis of biological data using Microsoft Excel. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. 2012;107:155–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2011.05.009
64 Foo KY, Hameed BH. Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chem. Eng. J. 2010;156:2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.09.013
65 Karnib M, Kabbani A, Holail H, Olama Z. Heavy Metals Removal Using Activated Carbon, Silica and Silica Activated Carbon Composite. Energy Procedia 2014;50:113–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.014
66 Hyder AHMG, Begum SA, Egiebor NO. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies of hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solution onto bone char. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2015;3:1329–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.12.005
67 Divband Hafshejani L, Mortazavi P, Sabz ALiPour S, Brooman Nasab S. Isotherm and Kinetics Study of The Adsorption of Chromium (VI) From Aqueous Solution by Zizyphus Spina-christi Leaves Ash Nanoparticles. Irrig. Sci. Eng. 2016;39:97–110. https://doi.org/10.22055/jise.2016.12499
68 Taha AA, Shreadah MA, Ahmed AM, Heiba HF. Multi-component adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) onto Egyptian Na-activated bentonite; Equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics, and application for seawater desalination. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2016;4:1166–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.01.025
69 Nag S, Mondal A, Bar N, Das SK. Biosorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions and ANN modelling. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2017;24:18817–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9325-6
70 Srivastava S, Agrawal SB, Mondal MK. Synthesis, characterization and application of Lagerstroemia speciosa embedded magnetic nanoparticle for Cr(VI) adsorption from aqueous solution. J. Environ. Sci. China 2017;55:283–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.012
71 Ahsan MdA, Jabbari V, Islam MdT, Kim H, Hernandez-Viezcas JA, Lin Y, et al. Green synthesis of a highly efficient biosorbent for organic, pharmaceutical, and heavy metal pollutants removal: Engineering surface chemistry of polymeric biomass of spent coffee waste. J. Water Process Eng. 2018;25:309–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.08.005
72 Boeykens SP, Saralegui A, Caracciolo N, Piol MN. Agroindustrial waste for lead and chromium biosorption. J. Sustain. Dev. Energy Water Environ. Syst. 2018;6:341–50. https://doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d5.0184
73 Mahmood-Ul-Hassan M, Suthar V, Ahmad R, Yousra M. Biosorption of metal ions on lignocellulosic materials: batch and continuous-flow process studies. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2018;190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6674-7
74 Mortazavian S, An H, Chun D, Moon J. Activated carbon impregnated by zero-valent iron nanoparticles (AC/nZVI) optimized for simultaneous adsorption and reduction of aqueous hexavalent chromium: Material characterizations and kinetic studies. Chem. Eng. J. 2018;353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.07.170
75 Sadiq A, Choubey A, Bajpai AK, Sadiq A, Choubey A, Bajpai AK. Biosorption of chromium ions by calcium alginate nanoparticles. J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 2018;63:4077–81. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-97072018000304077
76 Abilio TE, Soares BC, José JC, Milani PA, Labuto G, Carrilho ENVM. Hexavalent chromium removal from water: adsorption properties of in natura and magnetic nanomodified sugarcane bagasse. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021;28:24816–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11726-8
77 Dan-Iya BI, Shukor MY. Isothermal Modelling of the Adsorption of Chromium onto Calcium Alginate Nanoparticles. J. Environ. Microbiol. Toxicol. 2021;9:1–7. https://doi.org/10.54987/jemat.v9i2.607
78 Mahmoud ME, El-Said GF, Ibrahim GAA, Elnashar AAS. Effective removal of hexavalent chromium from water by sustainable nano-scaled waste avocado seeds: adsorption isotherm, thermodynamics, kinetics, and error function. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-03619-2
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismail, Mohd Ezuan Khayat, Nur Adeela Yasid, Ain, M.Y. Shukor
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
