Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology
Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology (e-ISSN 2289-5884) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to advancing scientific understanding and technological innovation in the fields of environmental bioremediation, toxicology, and bio-based sustainability. The journal publishes original research articles, short communications, mini-reviews, and comprehensive review papers that cover the fundamental and applied aspects of biochemistry, microbiology, and biotechnology relevant to environmental and biological systems. The journal’s areas of interest include, but are not limited to: • Environmental Bioremediation & Pollution Control: Process involving microbial and biochemical processes for the remediation of soil, water, and air contaminants; biodegradation; phytoremediation; and sustainable waste management technologies. • Toxicology & Risk Assessment: Mechanistic and ecological toxicology, biomonitoring, toxicity testing, and environmental health impacts of pollutants and emerging contaminants. • Biotechnology & Bioengineering: Development and application of biotechnological tools in industrial, agricultural, medical, and environmental contexts; biosensors and bioprocess technologies. • Molecular & Systems Biology: Genetic and molecular approaches for understanding bioremediation mechanisms, bioinformatics applications, and synthetic biology innovations. • Bioresources & Bioeconomy: Valorization of biological resources, bioproduct development, food and feed biotechnology, and sustainable bio-based production systems. • Cross-disciplinary Research: Integration of environmental science with engineering, data science, and policy for sustainable solutions, including ethical biotechnology. The journal provides an international platform for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to contribute to global discussions on sustainable biotechnological innovations and environmental resilience, aimed at bridging the gap between basic science and practical applications, promoting cross-disciplinary dialogue and technological translation, especially those that support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Authors wishing to submit their manuscript to this journal please submit their manuscript to the Editor-in-Chief aaisami@gsu.edu.ng.
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Efficacy of Mimosa pudica Leaf Extracts on Microorganisms Associated with Razor Bumps
Razor bumps, medically known as pseudofolliculitis barbae, occur when hairs become ingrown after shaving or other hair removal methods. This study investigated the antimicrobial properties of Mimosa pudica against microorganisms causing razor bumps in Lokoja, Kogi State. Leaf extracts were obtained through maceration and tested using Agar Well Diffusion. Results showed significant antimicrobial activity against Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton shoenleinii, Microsporum canis, and Staphylococcus aureus, with inhibition zones ranging from 0.67±0.10mm to 30±1.30mm. The study concludes that Mimosa pudica leaf extract effectively combats fungal and bacterial isolates associated with razor bumps. The study thus recommends further research on the plant's potential against other skin diseases and exploration of other plant parts.
Redefining JEBAT’s Mission: Toward Sustainability and Global Impact
In this issue, we are very excited to announce that the Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology (JEBAT) is entering a new chapter. We have changed our focus to better reflect the changing fields of environmental science and biotechnology in this sustainable era. Since it started in 2013, JEBAT has been a place for serious research in environmental biochemistry, bioremediation, and toxicology. As the focus of the scientific community around the world deals with more and more complex ecological and technological issues, our mission is refocused to keep up with a world that is changing quickly. The new scope intends to make JEBAT an international, peer-reviewed, open-access platform that is not only dedicated to the advancement of only bioremediation and toxicology but also takes into account the sustainability aspect. This is a very important area where science, innovation, and global responsibility meet. We have now focused on more important areas, which include environmental biotechnology, molecular and systems biology, toxicology and risk assessment, and the bioeconomy. This encompassing approach shows how dedicated we are to promoting crosses disciplines research that is tailored to UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). JEBAT aim is to close the gap between basic science and practical solutions through the encouragement of submissions that combine biotechnology, engineering, and data-driven approaches to making the environment more resilient. We have also included SDG goals input in the front page to strengthen sustainability aspects. We ask researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to share their ideas and new ways of doing things as we work together to build a sustainable future based on science, ethics, and cooperation. We thus, invite researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to contribute manuscripts covering innovative ideas and approaches to JEBAT in our mission toward a sustainable future that is grounded in science, ethics, and collaboration.
Mathematical Modelling of Zinc-Induced Inhibition on Fermentative Biohydrogen Production by Granular Sludge
Biohydrogen production in anaerobic granular sludge reactors has led to the development of stable microbial communities that enhance substrate conversion rates. The fermentation process of sucrose by these microbial communities is a sustainable approach to hydrogen production, making biological dark fermentation an effective method for renewable biohydrogen generation. This study analyzed biohydrogen production data from granular sludge in a packed-bed upflow reactor processing sucrose-containing wastewater at 26 °C for more than 500 days, using multiple predictive kinetic models. The biohydrogen production data were converted to natural logarithms to improve linearity and reduce variance. The Morgan–Mercer–Flodin (MMF) model, coupled with the Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis (MOORA) approach, achieved the best statistical results among nine tested predictive models based on error functions, including the highest adjusted R² value and the lowest RMSE, AICc, BIC, and HQC values. The MMF model successfully predicted all stages of hydrogen production sigmoidal growth while also modeling zinc-induced stimulation and inhibition effects. The combination of multi-criteria analysis (MOORA) with classical error-function analyses improved model discrimination, enabling a deeper understanding of microbial growth patterns under different environmental conditions to optimize biohydrogen production systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi, Mohd Yunus Shukor
Eco-Friendly Solutions to Heavy Metal Pollution: The Role of Microbial Bioremediation — A Mini Review
The accumulation of heavy metals in the environment is a grave threat and is the result of mining, agricultural, and industrial activities. This review article examines eco-friendly processes, including microbial bioremediation, to mitigate heavy metal contamination. Heavy metals have been present in the environment since the beginning of time. Their concentrations are rising due to anthropogenic factors and are contributing to several neurological, cardiovascular, and renal diseases, highlighting the urgency for effective remediation techniques. Microbial bioremediation utilizes the inherent capabilities of microorganisms to detoxify heavy metals through various processes such as bioaccumulation, biosorption, and biotransformation. These processes immobilize or convert heavy metals into less toxic forms. It offers a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical and physical remediation techniques, which are costly and often result in the production of harmful byproducts. This review discusses the complex processes involved in microbial bioremediation, the types of microorganisms used, and the relative benefits of microbial bioremediation over traditional techniques. Furthermore, biotechnological advances such as genetic engineering and the formation of microbial consortia, which improve the effectiveness of bioremediation initiatives, are also discussed. Despite the potential of microbial solutions, several issues exist that necessitate further investigation into the integration of recent advancements and modern applications to enhance the efficacy and efficiency of bioremediation methods, ultimately prioritizing environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hamayal Tariq, Ayesha Shahid
Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Oxide Concentrations in Fluorspar Deposits from Liji Hills, Yamaltu-Deba LGA, Gombe State, Nigeria
Fluorspar mining poses significant environmental and health risks, including toxicity, as it contaminates nearby water bodies, which can lead to fluorosis, characterized by brown teeth and skeletal deformities among residents. This study analyzed two fluorspar mineral samples—Greenish brown (A) and Bluish brown (B)—collected from Liji Hills, near Gombe, to determine their metal oxide composition, crystal structure, and physicochemical properties, and to compare these values with the WHO permissible limits. Physicochemical analysis revealed that the pH of sample A decreased with time (mean = 6.91), while sample B fluctuated (mean = 6.71). Electrical conductivity decreased with time for both samples, averaging 0.25 N S cm⁻¹ for A and 0.29 N S cm⁻¹ for B. Ash content was 3.7 % for A and 2.9 % for B, while moisture content was 4.16 % and 1.0 %, respectively. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of sample A indicated major oxides in descending order: CaO = 91.5 mg L⁻¹ > SiO₂ = 3.36 mg L⁻¹ > Al₂O₃ = 0.818 mg L⁻¹ > P₂O₅ = 0.593 mg L⁻¹ > TiO₂ = 0.463 mg L⁻¹ > Fe₂O₃ = 0.418 mg L⁻¹ > MnO = 0.0246 mg L⁻¹ > K₂O = 0.0051 mg L⁻¹. Sample B showed CaO = 81.4 mg L⁻¹ > Fe₂O₃ = 6.63 mg L⁻¹ > SiO₂ = 5.65 mg L⁻¹ > TiO₂ = 0.879 mg L⁻¹ > P₂O₅ = 0.612 mg L⁻¹ > MnO = 0.0204 mg L⁻¹. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that sample A had an average crystallite size of 75.87 nm with a face-centered cubic structure and Bragg angles between 25.75° and 68.77°, while sample B had a size of 13.65 nm with similar symmetry and Bragg angles from 25.94° to 56.17°. Both samples exceeded WHO limits for CaO and Fe₂O₃, indicating contamination risk. Although Pb and As were not detected, the greenish-brown sample exhibited a higher metal oxide content and greater structural quality, suggesting that Liji Hills fluorspar may contribute to environmental pollution and adverse health outcomes in nearby communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Y.M. Usman, A.B. Mohammed, Y.M. Joshua, L.A. Madaki, Yerima Iliya, U.U. Modibbo
Phytoremediation Efficiency of Arsenic from Contaminated Soil by Ricinus communis and Aloe barbadensis
This study investigated the phytoremediation efficiency of the plants Aloe barbadensis and Ricinus communis for the removal of arsenic (As) from contaminated soil. The experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) to assess arsenic (As) uptake across plant parts and residual soil after four weeks of exposure to 200, 600, and 1000 mg As treatments. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was utilized to determine Arsenic accumulation and concentration. Both plant species exhibited dose-dependent accumulation, with A. barbadensis showing significantly higher root uptake (606.51 ± 1.88 mg kg⁻¹ at 1000 mg) compared to R. communis (393.46 ± 3.09 mg kg⁻¹). Total arsenic removal efficiencies reached 89.7% for A. barbadensis and 76.5% for R. communis, confirming arsenic removal from contaminated soils. However, the uptake efficiency was found to decline slightly at higher As concentrations. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.001) between species, tissues, and treatment levels. The findings indicated that A. barbadensis is an excellent phytostabilizer of arsenic and recommend its use for eco-friendly remediation of As-polluted soils.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sulaiman Mohammed, Hannatu Hussein, Mohammed Abdullahi, Abdullahi Sadiq, Alka Sadiya, Aisha Rabiu Sani
Effect of Natural Fermentation on Nutritional and Antinutritional Values of Pearl and Finger Millet
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana) are common cereal crops in developing regions; however, their potential is hindered by antinutritional factors, including phytates, tannins, and oxalates, which reduce nutrient bioavailability. This study aimed to assess the impact of natural fermentation on the nutritional and antinutritional properties of these foods, thereby improving their value as dietary staples. Laboratory techniques were employed to analyze changes in proximate composition, vitamins, minerals, and antinutritional factors in fermented and unfermented samples, with the results evaluated using ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05). Natural fermentation led to substantial improvements in nutritional quality. Protein content increased from 11.50% to 13.40% in pearl millet and from 8.70% to 11.30% in finger millet. The mineral content was enhanced, with a rise in calcium levels from 332.00 mg/kg to 344.00 mg/kg in finger millet and in potassium from 240.00 mg/kg to 360.00 mg/kg in pearl millet. Natural fermentation also elevated vitamin E levels, from 0.05 mg/100 g to 0.40 mg/100 g in pearl millet and from 0.32 mg/100 g to 0.30 mg/100 g in finger millet. Antinutritional factors also decreased considerably, with phytates dropping by over 70% in both varieties, alongside marked reductions in tannins and oxalates. A slight carbohydrate reduction, which may be attributed to microbial sugar metabolism, was observed. The findings support fermentation as an accessible and effective method to enhance millet's nutritional value, providing a sustainable solution to combat malnutrition and improve food security in resource-constrained areas. This research holds significance for nutritionists, food scientists, and policymakers seeking to optimize global dietary quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mujahid Usman Yahuza, Raihanatu Muhammad Baba
Effect of Soil Zinc Concentration on Plants Growth: Molecular Modelling and Docking of Interactions between Plant Proteins and Zinc Ions
This study examines plant-soil interactions involving zinc (Zn), focusing on the physiological effects on plant development and the molecular interactions between plant proteins and metal ions. About 2 kg of soil mixed with gravel (1.5:1 v/v) were placed in pots, and seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), amaranth (Amaranthus spp.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) were sown and irrigated for two weeks. Seedlings were treated with a 500 ppm zinc sulfate solution, and shoots, leaves, and roots were separated for length and weight measurements. Zinc concentration in digested tissues was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Computational modeling and molecular docking were performed using PubChem data and structural tools such as Chimera, Phyre2, and PyMOL. The BbZIP protein structure was modeled, and active sites were predicted using COACH-D, while CAVER Web 1.0 identified quantum tunnel pathways. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and saponins. Treated plants exhibited reduced growth compared to the controls, with significant zinc accumulation in the soil, shoots, and roots. The highest Zn concentration (315 ppm) occurred in groundnut roots. Five major binding poses were identified, involving catalytic residues Met91, Leu92, Phe94, Ala95, Ala96, Pro210, Glu211, Ala214, Gly93, and others. Molecular docking showed a binding affinity of –3.8 kcal/mol and an inhibition constant (Ki) of 247.81 mM. The BbZIP–Zn complex was stabilized by four hydrogen bonds (Ala96, Ala290, Ser236, Leu294). Overall, this study highlights the critical role of zinc in plant stress responses and development through physiological and molecular mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sadiya Alka, Habeebat Adekilekun Oyewusi, Mohammed Jibrin Ndeji, Ali Timothy Gandu, Habeebulahi Ajibola Adekilekun, Zinat Suleiman Mohammed, Muhammad Jamilu Dauda
Evaluation of Heavy Metals and Histopathology in O. nioloticus and C. gariepinus of Two Selected Corridors (Almakashi and Gwani) of River Gongola in Gombe State, Nigeria
Agricultural runoff, industrial effluents, and domestic waste are examples of anthropogenic stressors that contaminate freshwater. This is particularly applicable to Nigeria's Gongola River. This study examined the accumulation of heavy metals and histopathological alterations in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus from Almakashi, Gwani, and the reference site Balanga Dam. We quantified the concentrations of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in the gills, liver, and kidneys. The gills of C. gariepinus from Almakashi exhibited the highest concentrations of Cu (17.20±1.17 µg/g), As (44.93±3.72 µg/g), and Ni (34.83±5.20 µg/g). The kidney tissues from Balanga exhibited the lowest concentrations of Fe (10.16±1.25 µg/g), Mn (1.10±0.20 µg/g), and Cu (4.23±0.30 µg/g) among O. niloticus tissues. Cadmium and lead concentrations were predominantly undetectable in kidney and liver tissues across all locations. Histopathological examination revealed that gill alterations (epithelial lifting, hyperplasia, fusion) were observed in O. niloticus from Almakashi in up to 100% of cases, while kidney necrosis was observed in C. gariepinus in up to 44.44% of cases. Steatosis (10–33.34%) and sinusoidal congestion (up to 14.29%) were among the hepatic lesions. Metal accumulation in Almakashi and Gwani was significantly greater than in Balanga Dam (p < 0.05). C. gariepinus typically exhibited elevated tissue concentrations, likely due to their consumption of benthic organisms. These findings validate that these species serve as effective bioindicators and underscore the need to rehabilitate the Gongola River and restore its ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nuru Adamu Garkuwa, Abubakar M. Umar, Aliyu I. Lawan, Kotos A. Abubakar, Sani Mohammed Aliyu, L.H. Tahir, Zainab Isah, Zaliha Adamu Umar
Enhancing Sustainability: Optimisation of Eco-Friendly Corn Starch Based Bioplastic
Plastic is ubiquitous worldwide, and the development of bioplastics necessitates the use of biodegradable and renewable resources. This study focuses on creating and characterizing biodegradable films using varying concentrations of corn starch. The bioplastic films are plasticized with glycerol and citric acid, the latter serving as co-plasticizers in different proportions. Starch concentrations range from 5% to 20% w/v, glycerol concentrations from 5% to 25% v/v, and citric acid content from 1% to 5% w/v. The resulting bioplastics are applied to butter paper to analyse surface morphology, solubility, and water retention. The films blended with glycerol as a plasticizer consistently showed promising results. Introducing citric acid as a co-plasticizer led to a bioplastic film with reduced water retention properties. This study outlines a simple, novel, and cost-effective technique to produce bio-based plastic.
Copyright (c) 2025 Manisha Singh, Avni Divatia, Manojkumar Koradiya, Kinjal Upadhyay
Bioremediation of Reactive Dyes by Fungal Species
Reactive dyes are one of the most common dyes used in fabric re-dyeing; as such, their indiscriminate discharge into the environment is causing serious pollution in urban Kano, Nigeria. This research was aimed at assessing the potential of fungal species isolated from one of the major dyeing sites in Kano: Kofar Na’isa dyeing pit for the remediation of reactive dyes. The fungal species (Aspergillus striatus NEF4, Candida tetrigidarum NRRL Y-48142 1, Fusarium equiseti SPF466, and F. oxysporum FusCic45B) were isolated and identified from the dye-contaminated soil using dilution plating, pour plate, streak culture techniques, and DNA analysis. The isolated organisms were used to assess their bioremediation potential through biosorption and biodecolourisation of dye wastewater. The highest dye removal efficiency through biomass biosorption and enzymatic action was recorded after 48 hours, at pH 11.3 and a temperature of 37 °C. The dye removal by biosorption and biodecolourisation was within the ranges of 19.7 – 86.9% and 58.9 – 71.4% for A. straitus, 23.9 – 84.4% and 50.6 – 80.8% for C. tetrigidarum, 18.3 - 97.9% and 47.7 - 86.7% for F. equiseti, respectively. However, F. oxysporum displayed a negative biosorption but achieved 53.6 – 90.2% colour removal by enzymatic action. Dye removal increased with an increase in contact time due to gradual mycelial absorption. The isolated fungal species have proven to be effective in the remediation of reactive dyes, and thus, can be employed in regulating environmental contamination caused by dyes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Muhammad Sani, Idris Bala, Yusuf Yunusa Muhammad, Kabir Mustapha Umar, Nasiru Abdullahi, Sani Ibrahim
Antibacterial Activity of Aloe Vera Extracts on Some Clinical Bacterial Isolates
Aloe is a plant that is used against skin irritation, skin exposure to UV and gamma radiation, scalds, sunburn wounds, eczema, psoriasis, acne, dermatitis, ulcers, and to stimulate cell regeneration. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanolic and gel extracts of Aloe vera against certain clinical bacterial isolates. The extracts were screened for phytochemicals, and their antibacterial activities were determined using the well diffusion method at concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/mL. The result of phytochemical screening indicates the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, and steroids in both extracts. The result of the antibacterial assay revealed that both ethanolic and gel extracts of Aloe vera were active against E. coli at different concentrations, with zones of inhibition ranging from 25.5 mm to 20 mm. However, S. aureus shows resistance to the different concentrations of the extracts. Findings show that S. aureus was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, while resistant to Augmentin. Thus, the observed antibacterial resistance confirms S. aureus as a multi-drug-resistant strain, thereby justifying its resistance to the Aloe vera plant. This study suggests that the Aloe vera plant contains antibacterial properties.
Copyright (c) 2024 Musa Usman, A.H., Jauro, Adamu Maina, M.M. Ahmad, A.U. Sumayyah
Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Malaysian Clinical and Community Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
The increasing prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-resistant (ESBL) Klebsiella pneumoniae in Malaysia is alarming. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Klebsiella pneumoniae, particularly its lipid A moiety, plays a central role in the bacterium’s toxicological profile by inducing strong pro-inflammatory responses and contributing to septic shock in systemic infections. Morbidity and mortality associated with this condition are alarming. A comprehensive evaluation of the proportion of this phenomenon will aid the Malaysian government and health authorities in their efforts to reduce its burden. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the incidence of ESBL K. pneumoniae in Malaysian clinical and community infections. The study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and preceded by the development of an a priori protocol. The protocol was then registered in PROSPERO – the public registry for systematic reviews. Six important outcomes, including the assessment of the overall ESBL K. pneumoniae prevalence, were designed to be evaluated. A literature search was conducted in four selected electronic databases, and 310 articles were screened. Of these articles, only seven studies that met the eligibility criteria were included in the review. Relevant data were extracted from the included studies. By conducting a meta-analysis of quality effects, the pooled prevalence of ESBL K. pneumoniae in Malaysia was estimated at 72% (CI: 39-97). The review also identified ESBL gene types occurring mostly in infections. The high prevalence of ESBL K. pneumoniae in this study area is highly significant and of both public health and clinical relevance. Overall, the findings of this review will assist in the effective prevention and control of this threat in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2024 Salawudeen Adamu, Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa, Hui-Min Neoh, Siti Norbaya Masri, S.A. Ibrahim, L. Garba, A.J. Hadiza, A.M. Mubarak, Tengku Zetty Maztura Tengku Jamaluddin
Substrate Inhibition Kinetic Modelling of the Growth of Bacillus sp. Strain Neni-10 on Phenol
significant portion of the more than 1.5 million tons of sludge waste produced globally for industrial use consists of phenol and phenolic compounds, some of which are released into the environment without adequate safety assessment or control, leading to soil and water pollution. The potential use of phenol as a carbon source by many bacterial species can help mitigate phenol pollution through bioremediation of this hazardous material. This study employs several microbial growth kinetics models that govern the growth rate of a bacterium on phenol, with a focus on the comparative performance of the popular Haldane model alongside other models. The specific maximum growth rate (μₘ) was initially estimated using the no-lag modified logistics model. Among the kinetic models evaluated, the Aiba model exhibited the highest precision and accuracy, as demonstrated by statistical indices, including the lowest MPSD and AICc values, and bias and accuracy factors closest to 1. Despite variability in its parameter estimates, the Aiba model provided a meaningful kinetic description of phenol inhibition at high concentrations. Models such as Monod, Moser, Pamukoglu and Kargi, and Han-Levenspiel showed poor fitting. The maximum reduction rate, half-saturation constant for maximal reduction, and half-inhibition constant were the designated values of the Aiba constants, which were represented by (m, Ks, and Ki) as 1.30±1.40 hr-1 (S.E.), 524.64±753.63 mg/L (S.E.), and 609.78±196.34 mg/L (S.E.), respectively. The results of curve fitting interpolation should not be regarded as the true value. The actual max is defined as the point at which the slope's gradient reaches zero; in this case, it was determined to be 0.295 h-1 at a phenol concentration of 360 mg/L. This study highlights the advantages of employing substrate inhibition models, such as the Aiba and Haldane models, for accurately characterizing microbial growth in the presence of toxic xenobiotics, like phenol, especially for optimizing bioprocesses, such as wastewater treatment.
Copyright (c) 2024 . Rusnam, Fachri Ibrahim Nasution, Hafeez Muhammad Yakasai
Biogas Production From Date Palm Fruit Waste as an Alternative Energy Source in Jigawa State, Nigeria
This research was conducted to produce biogas from Date Palm fruit waste, which is abundant in the study area. The Date Palm fruit waste, which acts as a substrate, was collected from the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR) Dutse substation in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Three different anaerobic digesters, along with their corresponding control digesters, were set up for a period of forty-two (42) days. For the anaerobic digestion process, a 15-litre cylinder with a working volume was used, equipped with air-tight lids and provision for gas collection. The digesters were fabricated at the Federal University's Research Centre in Dutse and were maintained at 37 °C in the University's Botanical Garden. They were shaken manually approximately 2-3 times a day to maintain homogeneity of the contents. The result shows the highest biogas concentration at 0.5 w/w (2000 g/mL), which is 10.5 g, while the lowest biogas concentration (3.4 g) was recorded in an aerobic digester containing a 2:1 wastewater ratio with 200 mL of cow dung as slurry. On the other hand, the control anaerobic digester produced a very small amount of biogas from the respective digester, which contains only slurry and water. It is therefore recommended that date palm fruit waste be utilized for the production of biogas as a substitute for fossil fuel, in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulhadi Yakubu, Aliyu Abdulhamid Omar, Zainab Abbas Abdulhadi, Garba Uba
Primary Mathematical Modeling of Growth on Phenol by Pseudomonas sp. strain Neni-4
Primary modeling of microbial growth is essential for determining key parameters such as the maximum specific growth rate (μm), which are foundational for secondary modeling. Models such as the modified Gompertz, modified Logistic, modified Richards, Buchanan-3-phase, Baranyi-Roberts, modified Schnute, von Bertalanffy, and Morgan-Mercer-Flodin (MMF) models elucidate the impact of substrates on bacterial growth and biotransformation processes, which are vital for biotechnological applications such as wastewater treatment and bioremediation. In this study, the growth of a previously isolated phenol-degrading Pseudomonas sp. strain Neni-4 on phenol was modeled using the aforementioned primary models. Experimental data indicated that phenol concentrations ranging from 500 to 2500 mg/L were toxic, slowing bacterial growth and increasing lag periods from 5 to 7 hours. Among the primary models tested, the Huang model provided the best fit, evidenced by a high adjusted coefficient of determination, low RMSE, and AICc values, and favorable accuracy (AF) and bias factors (BF). The robustness of the Huang model highlights its suitability for modeling bacterial growth under toxic conditions, providing valuable insights for optimizing biotechnological processes that involve bacterial adaptation and growth under stress conditions. This model's ability to accurately describe the growth kinetics under such challenging conditions makes it a reliable tool for further bioprocess optimization and environmental applications.
Isolation, Identification and Antibacterial Activity of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Traditionally Fermented Raw Milk
Lactic acid bacteria are well known for their antibacterial activity against pathogenic and spoilage organisms. This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditionally fermented raw milk on E.coli and S. aureus. Three (3) Lactic acid bacteria species were isolated from traditionally fermented raw milk samples collected from different areas within Gombe metropolis. The isolates were identified using cultural, microscopic and biochemical test. The antibacterial activity of the lactic acid bacteria species against E. coli and S. aureus was determined using overlay method. All the different isolates showed growth inhibitory activity against E. coli and S. aureus with sample from Herwagana having the highest average growth inhibitory activity of 17.5 mm on E. coli. The Lactic acid bacteria isolates from traditionally fermented raw milk were shown to have activity on bacterial pathogens. The bacteriocin produced by LAB might be used as the valid candidates of preservative against foodborne pathogens.
Copyright (c) 2024 Musa Usman, Hadiza Abubakar Jauro, Halima Abubakar, A.U. Sumaiyya
Comparison Between OFAT and RSM Approaches for the Optimization of Endoglucanase Production by Alkaliphilic Aspergillus oryzae and Its Application in the Pulp and Paper Industry
The production of endoglucanase (CMCase) from Aspergillus oryzae has been studied under a submerged fermentation technique using a range of physical and nutritional factors. These include temperature, pH, incubation time, and nitrogen sources, which were studied under a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach using Cellulose Powder as the sole source of carbon. The use of OFAT produced a maximum CMCase of 3.55 U/mL at an optimum pH of 8, temperature 28 ºC, nitrogen source (1 g/L NH4SO4) and 7th day incubation time. The use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) resulted in 3.96 U/ml at pH 8.5, a temperature of 40 ºC, an ammonium sulfate concentration of 3%, and a 7-day incubation. This results in an increase of 0.45 U/mL in enzyme production compared to OFAT. Alkaline endoglucanase from A. oryzae was also evaluated for its deinking potential. An A4 paper was printed with the word 'deinking' for approximately 640 words using a Xerox printer. After the enzymatic, chemical, and control pulping processes, as well as flotation, the resultant pulp was prepared according to TAPPI standards for testing pulp brightness, tensile strength, bursting strength, and tearing strength. The percentage brightness result following A. Oryzae enzymatic treatment indicated an improvement in ISO brightness of 2.36% and 0.48% for the control and chemical, respectively, compared to the prepared hand sheet. The tensile strength of the printed waste paper improved by 180 N/m and 253 N/m, respectively, when compared to the control and chemical deinking process. In terms of bursting strength, enzymatic deinking was increased by 11 kPa and 8 kPa, while the tearing strength showed an improvement of 3 mN and 9 mN compared to the control and chemical deinking, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdulhadi Yakubu, Aliyu Abdulhamid Omar, Garba Uba
An Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Virtual Screening of Highly Effective Hybrid Compounds for Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer’s disease remains challenging due to complex etiology and limited therapies. Hybrid multitarget drugs show promise. This study applies computer-aided drug design to assess 25 hybrids against key AD proteins. Virtual screening, molecular docking, simulations, and pharmacokinetic analyses identified compounds with high binding affinities, supporting further development and clinical translation. The top-performing compounds were further analysed using LIGPLOT+ V 2.2.7 for 2D interaction mapping and PyMol V 2.5 for 3D visualisation of ligand-receptor interactions. Additionally, pharmacokinetic properties, including ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) profiles, were predicted to assess the therapeutic potential of these compounds as anti-AD agents. Out of the 25 compounds screened, ten exhibited significant interactions with the protein targets, showing high binding affinities based on their docking scores. Notable compounds, such as compound 3 (-37.41 kcal/mol), compound 19 (-35.68 kcal/mol), and compound 20 (-36.88 kcal/mol), demonstrated superior binding energy compared to the reference compound, which had a docking score of -26.30 kcal/mol. The amino acids ASN349, PHE168, and SER67 were identified as key residues involved in hydrogen and hydrophobic bonding with the ligands. These interactions are critical as they play roles in neurotransmitter production, including dopamine and norepinephrine, which are implicated in treating and managing A.D. symptoms. Pharmacokinetic and ADMET-ox predictions further supported the therapeutic potential of all the screened compounds, suggesting favourable drug-like properties and minimal toxicity. While in-silico results are encouraging, further in-vitro and in-vivo validation is needed. These findings lay a solid foundation for developing multitargeted therapies for Alzheimer’s disease.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim A. Abdulganiyyu, Abduljelil Ajala, Maimuna Shehu Rufai, Balogun Joshua Babalola, Balogun Sadia Ufeli, Lawan Hassan Adamu, Nazifi Abbas, Ibrahim Sani Ahmad, Jamil Dauda Usman, Kabiru M. Aujara, Abbas Sambo
Improvement of Garlic Crude Protease-based Inhibitive Enzyme Assay for Mercury Using Response Surface Methodology
Enzyme-based assays are an excellent preliminary screening tool with near real-time potential. An inhibitory enzyme assay using crude garlic protease, in conjunction with the casein and Coomassie dye-binding assay, is a sensitive method for detecting mercury. This study employed Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a Central Composite Design (CCD) to optimize conditions for maximum mercury detection using crude garlic protease and casein as key variables. Twenty CCD experiments were generated with six center point replicates, and the resulting model was statistically significant (F = 367.00, p < 0.0001), showing strong predictive capability (Pred R² = 0.9877; Adj R² = 0.9943). Analysis of variance revealed that garlic protease (B), casein (C), their interaction (BC), and quadratic terms (A², B², C²) significantly influenced the response. Diagnostic plots confirmed the model's robustness, showing minimal residual deviations and no significant outliers. The low coefficient of variation (CV = 5.46%) indicated experimental precision. 3D surface and contour plots highlighted a notable antagonistic interaction between garlic protease and casein concentrations, where their combined effects reduced individual contributions to the response. Model validation demonstrated an excellent correlation between predicted (A595 nm, 0.387) and experimental values (A595 nm, 0.381), confirming the accuracy of the optimization. Optimal conditions were identified at pH 6.78, with garlic protease at 0.534 mg/mL and casein at 0.1176 mg/mL, resulting in a verified response of A595nm = 0.381. Compared to traditional OFAT methods, RSM achieved a 26.27% improvement in the response. This optimized model provides an effective predictive framework for enhancing inhibitive crude garlic protease enzyme assay of mercury. These findings confirm the statistical soundness of RSM, validating its use for multifactorial optimization in an enzyme-based metal detection system.
Characterization of the Phenol-degrading Pseudomonas sp. strain Neni-4
This research presents the characterization of Pseudomonas sp. strain Neni-4 , which was selected because it can metabolize phenol as its primary carbon source. The strain breaks down phenol through the meta-cleavage pathway , which is typical for many efficient phenol-degrading bacteria. The strain achieved its highest growth rate at temperatures ranging from 25 to 30°C and pH values between 7.0 and 7.5 without significant differences (p > 0.05) in these ranges. The bacterial growth reached its peak when phenol concentrations ranged from 500 to 700 mg/L. The best growth results occurred when using 1% (w/v) ammonium sulfate as the nitrogen source. The research investigated the impact of heavy metals on the phenol breakdown process. Cd(II) showed no inhibitory effect on the process , and similarly, Pb(II) and Ni(II) showed more than 90% activity was observed. The growth rate decreased by 27% when exposed to Cu(II), but Ag(I) and Hg(II) caused extreme inhibition, which reduced activity to 12% and 5% respectively. The degradation profile indicated a rapid decrease of phenol concentration from 500 mg/L to near-zero levels during the first five days, while the cell density increased, indicating active biodegradation. Pseudomonas sp. strain Neni-4 demonstrates potential for bioremediation of phenol-contaminated sites when operated under neutral pH and mesophilic temperature conditions.
Copyright (c) 2024 . Rusnam, Fachri Ibrahim Nasution
Hepatoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Rosemarinus officinalis (Rosemary) Leaves Against CCL4-induced Hepatic Damage in Albino Rats
The aromatic herb Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) is from the Lamiaceae family and has been traditionally used in culinary and folk medicine for various ailments, including liver disorders. In this study, we evaluated the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of the ethanolic leaf extract of Rosmarinus officinalis against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity in albino rats. Rats were administered 0.5 mL/kg b.w. of CCl4 intraperitoneally and subsequently orally treated with either 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w. of rosemary extract for four weeks. The standard group received silymarin at 100 mg/kg body weight. The serum levels of biomarkers, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), electrolytes, urea, and creatinine, were then evaluated. Phytochemical screening results indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenols, and terpenes in the extract. Our results show that treatment with rosemary extract significantly (p<0.05) reduced the biomarkers' serum levels enzymes of ALT, AST, ALP, and kidney-related parameters compared to the treatment (CCl4) group. While the antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of Rosemary are well-documented in the literature, this study adds a minor novelty by assessing both liver and kidney protection in a dose-responsive model using ethanolic leaf extract against chemically induced injury. These findings further support the reported therapeutic potential of antioxidants from Rosmarinus officinalis in protecting vital organs from oxidative damage.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maryam Usman Abdulkadir, Abubakar Ibrahim Adam, Zaynab Garba Daniya, Muhammad Bappah Sani
Enhancing Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment Through Adsorption With Rice Husk –derived Cellulose Nano Crystals as an Innovative Adsorbent
This study investigates the adsorption of the antibiotic metronidazole using cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) extracted from rice husk. The research highlights the importance of removing antibiotic contamination from water bodies and explores the potential of CNC as an adsorbent. The synthesis of CNC from rice husk achieved a yield of 26.46% through a series of pretreatment processes, including bleaching and acid hydrolysis. The CNC adsorbent was characterized using FTIR, BET, SEM, and XRD to determine its structural and surface properties, revealing a total pore volume of 0.225 cm³ and a micropore volume of 0.233 cm³. The effects of various parameters, including pH (with maximum adsorption at pH 9), temperature (optimal at 50°C), and time (maximum adsorption at 60 min), were also considered. The adsorption rate of metronidazole by CNC-RH increased with higher adsorbent dosage and adsorbate concentration. Adsorption kinetics were evaluated, with the pseudo-second-order model found to be the most appropriate. Adsorption isotherms were also studied, with the Freundlich model displaying excellent linearity (R² = 1). Thermodynamic parameters were calculated, including a negative ∆G (-103.566, -105.976, -110.796, -115.616, -120.46 J/mol), indicating a spontaneous process, a ∆S value of 0.482 J/molK, and a positive ∆H value of 40.07 J/mol, suggesting an endothermic process. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the adsorption behavior of metronidazole using CNC derived from rice husk and underscores the importance of the selected parameters in the adsorption process.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abubakar M. Hammari, U.D. Hamza, Maryam Ibahim, Kabir Garba, I.M. Muhammad
Comparative Study of Heavy Metals in Some Selected Local and Foreign Cosmetics Used in Gombe Metropolis
Skin absorption continues to be a significant pathway for heavy metal toxicity in humans. This study investigated the concentrations of heavy metals (copper, iron, cadmium, arsenic, nickel, chromium, and lead) in locally produced and imported cosmetic products sold in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria, using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Results indicated variable compliance with regulatory standards: certain metals exceeded permissible limits, while others remained within acceptable thresholds. For instance, Pb levels in Powder C1, Creams A1 and A2, Lotions B1 and B2, and Lipsticks D1 and D2 were below the 0.01 mg/kg limit. However, Arsenic (As) concentrations in Powders C1 and C2 (0.2964 mg/kg and 0.4725 mg/kg, respectively) surpassed the 0.05 mg/kg threshold. Similarly, Nickel (Ni) in these powders exceeded the 0.02 mg/kg limit, and Chromium (Cr) levels in Powder C2 (0.2981 mg/kg) and Cream A1 (0.1659 mg/kg) far exceeded the 0.05 mg/kg standard. Iron (Fe) remained within safe limits across all samples. Notably, locally manufactured cosmetics demonstrated greater adherence to permissible levels of heavy metals compared to imported products. Elevated concentrations of these metals in cosmetics pose health risks via dermal absorption or accidental ingestion, underscoring the need for stricter regulatory compliance by manufacturers to safeguard consumer health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lazarus J. Goje, Sha’awanatu A. Hussaini, Ezeh Okechukwu Chinedu
Lead Ion Detection in Challawa Water: Development and Application of Response Surface Methodology
Agricultural areas in Nigeria depend upon unpolluted water sources and hence need continuous monitoring. River Challawa is among the water sources for domestic and agricultural purposes. It is located in an industrialized area of Kano, Nigeria. A cucumber protease-based assay for the detection of lead metal has been developed to determine the efficiency of the monitoring method. Cucumber protease is assayed by using casein as a substrate with Coomassie brilliant blue to track the complete hydrolysis of the substrate. In the presence of inhibitors such as metal ions, casein is not hydrolyzed to completion, and the solution is dark blue. The cucumber protease assay was optimized using One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The RSM-optimized method demonstrated superior sensitivity, reducing the IC50 value for lead detection from 0.078 mg/L (OFAT) to 0.028 mg/L. The findings show a marked improvement in concentration, causing 50% inhibition ( IC50) for lead metal in River Challawa. The results of the comparison between one factor at a time (OFAT) optimization and RSM provide an improvement of IC50 for lead ion from 0.078 (95% CI,0.057 to 0.27) to 0.028 (95% CI, 0.022 to 0.037). The LOD for lead Pb2+ is 0.015 and 0.003 for OFAT and RSM, respectively. The results of this study indicate that cucumber-protease assay has the potential efficiency of being used in the determination of lead metal in water samples.
Copyright (c) 2024 Garba Uba, Kabiru Musa Aujara, Abdulhamid Aliyu Omar, Muntari Bala and Zainab Abdu Mashi
Isolation and Characterization of a Glyphosate-degrading Bacterium from a Beach on the Pariaman City, West Sumatra
Bioremediation of soil pollutants, such as glyphosate, is a cost-effective and ecologically sustainable method. Glyphosate, a highly prevalent herbicide utilized for weed control, presents substantial hazards to species and their ecosystems when it becomes present in the environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of a Pseudomonas sp. isolated from a coastal area. The isolate with the highest potential was provisionally identified as Pseudomonas sp. strain Andalas2016 using partial identification techniques. This bacterium shows substantial capacity for glyphosate breakdown under ideal circumstances. The experiments revealed that Pseudomonas sp. exhibits optimal degradation of glyphosate under the following conditions: pH 7.0, glyphosate concentration of 0.5 g/L and temperatures ranging from 30 to 35°C. The bacterium had a delay of two days when exposed to 0.5 g/L glyphosate but achieved about 90% degradation after six days of incubation. Bacterial growth was significantly reduced by heavy metals, namely Hg(II), Ag(I), and Cu(II). Growth on glyphosate was inhibited at salinity higher than seawater level. This study highlights the capacity of Pseudomonas sp. to remediate glyphosate-contaminated settings through bioremediation. It emphasizes the necessity for additional investigation, specifically using molecular identification techniques, to thoroughly understand and enhance this bioremediation approach. This strategy has the potential to greatly reduce the environmental effects of glyphosate pollution, while also supporting the development of healthier environments and environmentally friendly farming methods.
Copyright (c) 2024 . Rusnam, Fachri Ibrahim Nasution, Motharasan Manogaran, Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi
Mathematical Modeling of Molybdenum Reduction to Molybdenum Blue by Burkholderia sp. Strain Dr.Y27 and Model Selection Using the MOORA Method
The microbial detoxification process of molybdenum reduction to molybdenum blue directly correlates with bacterial development during Mo-blue production. The reduction process can be modeled mathematically to determine essential kinetic parameters, which include the specific Mo-blue production rate and theoretical maximum Mo-blue generation, as well as the possible effects of high molybdenum concentrations on the lag phase of reduction. Applying linearization techniques including natural logarithmic transformations remains common, but these methods deliver imprecise results that produce only approximate values for specific parameters such as the specific growth rate or specific Mo-blue production rate. This research introduced a complete range of nonlinear growth and models to study Mo-blue production from Burkholderia sp. strain Dr.Y27. The research incorporated nine growth models, including the modified Gompertz and modified Logistic. The modified logistic model demonstrated the highest fit to the Mo-blue production curve of Burkholderia sp. strain Dr.Y27 based on multiple statistical performance criteria which included root-mean-square error (RMSE), Marquardt percent standard deviation (MPSD), adjusted coefficient of determination (adjR²), bias factor (BF), accuracy factor (AF), Bayesian information criterion (BIC), Hannan-Quinn criterion (HQC), and the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc). The Multi-Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis or MOORA approach based on Ratio Analysis was applied to enhance model selection and is the first method used to find the best model for primary modeling of bacterial growth or Mo-blue production rate. The fitted model generated essential parameters to serve as a solid foundation for developing additional models that describe how environmental variables and substrate concentrations affect Mo-blue production.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi, Mohd Arif Syed, Nor Aripin Shamaan, Mohd Yunus Shukor
Nigella sativa oil Ameliorate Gonadotoxic effect of Lead Acetate Induced Testicular Damage in Adult Wistar Rats
There is growing concern about the increasing levels of lead acetate in the environment, primarily due to unsafe mining and natural resource extraction. Nigella sativa oil, a natural herbal product, is used to treat many diseases. Its pharmacological constituents have demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic properties. This study investigated the protective effects of Nigella sativa oil on lead acetate-induced testicular damage in adult male Wistar rats. A total of forty-two rats were divided into six groups, each consisting of seven rats. Group I was administered normal saline equivalent to the volume given to the highest dose of treated rats. Group II received 120 mg/kg of lead acetate, while Group III (positive control) received 120 mg/kg of lead acetate and 160 mg/kg of vitamin C. Groups IV, V, and VI were administered 120 mg/kg of lead acetate followed by 6 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, and 2 mg/kg of Nigella sativa oil, respectively, via oro-gastric intubation for seven days. The lead acetate caused a significant increase (P<0.001) in the liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP). Histopathology examination showed testicular tissue damage in the lead acetate group. However, there is a great improvement in the morphology of the testicular tissue in the treated groups, even at the minimal doses. The changes in the level of biomarkers and improvement in the histomorphological appearance of the testis suggested that consumption of Nigella sativa oil does have a protective effect against lead acetate-induced testicular damage.
Copyright (c) 2024 Salisu Ahmed, Fatima Ibrahim Baiwa, Murtala M. Jibril
Comparative Study of Zinc Concentration in the Root, Stem, and Leaf of Maize (Zea mays) Grown on Soil Collected From Several Dumpsites in Anyigba, Nigeria
Open dumpsites are becoming a major global concern in developing countries, causing heavy metal pollution, and posing a serious threat to human and plant health. This study assessed the zinc (Zn) concentration in the roots, stems, and leaves of maize plants growing on various dumpsite soils in Anyigba (Redeem, Market, and Anokwu). The plant tissues were tested for Zn using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The study found that plants grown on a dumpsite had considerably higher Zn concentrations in their roots, stems, and leaves compared to the control site (p<0.05). The concentration of zinc ranges in the following sequence: Control (0.23 mg/kg)>Anokwu (0.62 mg/kg)>Market (0.63 mg/kg)>Redeem (0.80 mg/kg) for Stem; Control (0.34 mg/kg)>Market (0.68 mg/kg)>Anokwu (0.82 mg/kg)>Redeem (1.08 mg/kg) for Leaf; Control (0.66 mg/kg)>Anokwu (0.68 mg/kg)>Market (0.98)>Redeem (1.00 mg/kg). Zinc's bioconcentration factor (BCF) decreased in the following sequence among dumpsites: Anokwu (0.32 mg/kg) > Market (0.25 mg/kg) > Control (0.18 mg/kg) > Redeem (0.14 mg/kg), all of which exceeded WHO permitted levels. Bioaccumulation concentration (BAC) values range between 0.39 and 0.78 mg/kg, suggesting that maize plant is an excluder, while translocation factor (TF) values were all above 1, indicating that the plants translocate heavy metals from roots to shoots. Our study highlights the critical need for monitoring heavy metal contamination in food crops, especially in regions with open dumpsites, to protect public health. Given the potential risks of zinc bioaccumulation, effective measures are required to mitigate exposure, including soil remediation and the use of cleaner, safer agricultural practices. This research contributes to understanding the environmental and health implications of zinc pollution, emphasizing the urgency of addressing the risks associated with open dumpsites.
Copyright (c) 2024 Edogbanya Paul Ramallan Ocholi, Victor Okpanachi, Victoria Ijaja, Victoria Unekwuojo Obochi, Bello Christiana Ojochogwu
Effect of Temperature on the Biodegradation of Glyphosate by Soil Bacteria
Glyphosate, a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide, is widely used in agriculture to control weeds. Its extensive use has raised concerns about its environmental impact and persistence in ecosystems. Understanding the biodegradation of glyphosate is crucial for evaluating its long-term effects and developing effective remediation strategies. Biodegradation is the process by which microorganisms break down substances and plays a vital role in mitigating the accumulation of harmful compounds in the environment. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of temperature on glyphosate degradation by soil bacteria, which is crucial for understanding its breakdown in soil ecosystems. Soil bacteria have shown potential in degrading glyphosate, but the impact of temperature remains understudied. The research aims to study the effect of temperature conditions on glyphosate degradation by soil bacteria. Soil samples were collected from Mardi Bachok, Kelantan, and their coordinates, pH, and temperature were recorded. Soil samples were incubated in Mineral Salts Medium (MSM) containing 100 mg/L glyphosate at 28°C and 37°C for seven days, with optical density measured every 24 hours. Both temperature treatments showed microbial communities capable of thriving in glyphosate-supplemented MSM, utilizing it as a sole carbon and phosphate source. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in microbial growth between the two temperatures. These results suggest that soil bacteria are capable of thriving in a range of temperature conditions while effectively degrading glyphosate. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing effective bioremediation strategies and predicting the environmental fate of glyphosate in various climatic conditions. Future research should explore additional environmental factors and microbial interactions to further elucidate the complexities of glyphosate biodegradation in soil ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Baihaqi Che Ab Aziz, Fazilah Ariffin