Biotechnological Significance and Applications of Alkaline Protease: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54987/jebat.v6i2.980Keywords:
Proteases, alkaline, microbes, biotechnology, reviewAbstract
Because they catalyze reactions without changing themselves, enzymes are like catalysts in nature. Any enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptide bonds that connect amino acids in a polypeptide chain is considered a protease and initiates protein catabolism. They are useful for both synthetic and degradative purposes. Enzymes are most often found in microbes, and they are more active and stable than enzymes found in plants or animals. Because they multiply quickly, take up little room, and are amenable to genetic manipulation, microbes are a great choice for producing enzymes because we can easily change their features to suit our needs. Different proteases are known as endopeptidases or exopeptidases, depending on whether they work at or away from the termini. On the other hand, proteases are categorized as acidic, alkaline, or neutral depending on their ideal pH. Here we had a look at the many biotechnological uses of alkaline proteases, including in the food, tannery, brewery, silver recovery, and other industrial sectors as well as in medicine, ecology, and sustainability initiatives. The purification processes as well as the optimum condition of the protease was also discussed, in order to provide a comprehensive review about applications of alkaline proteases for sustainable development.
References
Robinson PK. Enzymes: principles and biotechnological applications. Essays Biochem. 2015 Nov 15;59:1–41.
Heckmann CM, Paradisi F. Looking Back: A Short History of the Discovery of Enzymes and How They Became Powerful Chemical Tools. ChemCatChem. 2020 Dec 16;12(24):6082–102.
Romero EO, Saucedo AT, Hernández-Meléndez JR, Yang D, Chakrabarty S, Narayan ARH. Enabling Broader Adoption of Biocatalysis in Organic Chemistry. JACS Au. 2023 Aug 28;3(8):2073–85.
Thapa S, Li H, OHair J, Bhatti S, Chen FC, Nasr KA, et al. Biochemical Characteristics of Microbial Enzymes and Their Significance from Industrial Perspectives. Mol Biotechnol. 2019 Aug;61(8):579–601.
Ward OP. Proteases. In: Comprehensive Biotechnology. Elsevier; 2011. p. 604–15.
Bhattacharjee N, Alonso-Cotchico L, Lucas MF. Enzyme immobilization studied through molecular dynamic simulations. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023 Jun 8;11:1200293.
DeClerck YA, Imren S. Protease inhibitors: Role and potential therapeutic use in human cancer. Eur J Cancer. 1994 Jan;30(14):2170–80.
Lai Y, Li W, Wu X, Wang L. A highly efficient protein degradation system in Bacillus sp. CN2: a functional-degradomics study. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021 Jan;105(2):707–23.
David Troncoso F, Alberto Sánchez D, Luján Ferreira M. Production of Plant Proteases and New Biotechnological Applications: An Updated Review. ChemistryOpen. 2022 Mar;11(3):e202200017.
Solanki P, Putatunda C, Kumar A, Bhatia R, Walia A. Microbial proteases: ubiquitous enzymes with innumerable uses. 3 Biotech. 2021 Oct;11(10):428.
Hejdysz M, Kaczmarek SA, Kubiś M, Wiśniewska Z, Peris S, Budnik S, et al. The effect of protease and Bacillus licheniformis on nutritional value of pea, faba bean, yellow lupin and narrow-leaved lupin in broiler chicken diets. Br Poult Sci. 2020 May 3;61(3):287–93.
Banerjee S, Van Der Heijden MGA. Soil microbiomes and one health. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Jan;21(1):6–20.
Yu J, Zheng Y, Song C, Chen S. New insights into the roles of fungi and bacteria in the development of medicinal plant. J Adv Res. 2023 Dec;S2090123223003946.
Zephyr J, Kurt Yilmaz N, Schiffer CA. Viral proteases: Structure, mechanism and inhibition. In: The Enzymes. Elsevier; 2021. p. 301–33.
Bond JS. Proteases: History, discovery, and roles in health and disease. J Biol Chem. 2019 Feb;294(5):1643–51.
Di Cera E. Serine proteases. IUBMB Life. 2009 May;61(5):510–5.
Sieber SA, Niessen S, Hoover HS, Cravatt BF. Proteomic profiling of metalloprotease activities with cocktails of active-site probes. Nat Chem Biol. 2006 May;2(5):274–81.
Yang N, Matthew MA, Yao C. Roles of Cysteine Proteases in Biology and Pathogenesis of Parasites. Microorganisms. 2023 May 26;11(6):1397.
Abd Shukor MS, Abd Shukor MY. Molecular docking and dynamics studies show: Phytochemicals from Papaya leaves extracts as potential inhibitors of SARS–CoV–2 proteins targets and TNF–alpha and alpha thrombin human targets for combating COVID-19. AIMS Molecular Science. 2023;10(3):213-62.
Zhao HY, Feng H. Engineering Bacillus pumilus alkaline serine protease to increase its low-temperature proteolytic activity by directed evolution. BMC Biotechnol. 2018 Dec;18(1):34.
Maurer K. Detergent proteases. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2004 Aug;15(4):330–4.
R. G, Q. B, P. L. Bacterial alkaline proteases: molecular approaches and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002 Jun 1;59(1):15–32.
Arabacı N, Karaytuğ T. Alkaline Thermo- and Oxidant-Stable Protease from Bacillus pumilus Strain TNP93: Laundry Detergent Formulations. Indian J Microbiol. 2023 Dec;63(4):575–87.
Mahakhan P, Apiso P, Srisunthorn K, Vichitphan K, Vichitphan S, Punyauppa-path S, et al. Alkaline Protease Production from Bacillus gibsonii 6BS15-4 Using Dairy Effluent and Its Characterization as a Laundry Detergent Additive. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023 Feb 28;33(2):195–202.
Pandey GR, Shrestha A, Karki TB, Neupane S, Ojha S, Koirala P, et al. Screening and Identification of Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BKHE Isolated from Kinema of Eastern Nepal for Alkaline Protease Production. Li Z, editor. Int J Microbiol. 2022 Dec 6;2022:1–11.
Kumar CG, Takagi H. Microbial alkaline proteases. Biotechnol Adv. 1999 Dec;17(7):561–94.
Amira HAA, Eida MAK. Recovery of silver from used X-ray film using alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis sub sp. subtilis. Afr J Biotechnol. 2016 Jun 29;15(26):1413–6.
Ward OP. Proteases. In: Comprehensive Biotechnology. Elsevier; 2011. p. 604–15.
Contesini FJ, Melo RRD, Sato HH. An overview of Bacillus proteases: from production to application. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2018 Apr 3;38(3):321–34.
Razzaq A, Shamsi S, Ali A, Ali Q, Sajjad M, Malik A, et al. Microbial Proteases Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2019 Jun 12;7:110.
Shankar R, Upadhyay PK, Kumar M. Protease Enzymes: Highlights on Potential of Proteases as Therapeutics Agents. Int J Pept Res Ther. 2021 Jun;27(2):1281–96.
Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum-695 019, India, Raveendran S, Parameswaran B, Centre for Biofuels, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum-695 019, India, Ummalyma SB, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Takyelpat, Imphal -795 001, India, et al. Applications of Microbial Enzymes in Food Industry. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2018;56(1).
Gianfreda L, Rao MA. Potential of extra cellular enzymes in remediation of polluted soils: A review. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2024;35(4):339–54.
Lageiro MM, Moura MJ, Reis A, Costa-Ferreira MJ. Microbial proteases application in leather industry. J Biotechnol. 2007 Sep;131(2):S239–40.
Chapman J, Ismail A, Dinu C. Industrial Applications of Enzymes: Recent Advances, Techniques, and Outlooks. Catalysts. 2022 Jun 5;8(6):238.
Thapa S, Li H, OHair J, Bhatti S, Chen FC, Nasr KA, et al. Biochemical Characteristics of Microbial Enzymes and Their Significance from Industrial Perspectives. Mol Biotechnol. 2023 Aug;61(8):579–601.
Ward OP. Proteases. In: Comprehensive Biotechnology. Elsevier; 2011. p. 604–15.
Nakahama K, Yoshimura K, Marumoto R, Kikuchi M, Lee IS, Hase T, et al. Cloning and sequencing of Serratia protease gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022;14(14):5843–55.
Rao MB, Tanksale AM, Ghatge MS, Deshpande VV. Molecular and Biotechnological Aspects of Microbial Proteases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Sep;62(3):597–635.
Benezet HJ, Matsumura F. Isomerization of γ-BHC to α-BHC in the environment. Nature. 1973;243(5408):480–1.
Ash K, Kumar Mishra S. Protease Enzymes: Present Status and Future Perspectives for Industrial Sector. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2023 Feb 20;12(2):311–23.
Song P, Zhang X, Wang S, Xu W, Wang F, Fu R, et al. Microbial proteases and their applications. Front Microbiol. 2023 Sep 14;14:1236368.
Ferrero MA, Castro GR, Abate CM, Baigorí MD, Siñeriz F. Thermostable alkaline proteases of Bacillus licheniformis MIR 29: isolation, production and characterization. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023 Apr 23;45(3):327–32.
Christensen LF, García-Béjar B, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Hansen EB. Extracellular microbial proteases with specificity for plant proteins in food fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol. 2022 Nov;381:109889.
Bohacz J, Korniłłowicz-Kowalska T. Fungal diversity and keratinolytic activity of fungi from lignocellulosic composts with chicken feathers. Process Biochem. 2019 May;80:119–28.
John J, Siva V, Kumari R, Arya A, Kumar A. Unveiling Cultivable and Uncultivable Halophilic Bacteria Inhabiting Marakkanam Saltpan, India and Their Potential for Biotechnological Applications. Geomicrobiol J. 2020 Jul 13;37(8):691–701.
Dabiré Y, Somda NS, Somda MK, Mogmenga I, Traoré AK, Ezeogu LI, et al. Molecular identification and safety assessment of Bacillus strains isolated from Burkinabe traditional condiment “soumbala.” Ann Microbiol. 2022 Dec;72(1):10.
Matkawala F, Nighojkar S, Kumar A, Nighojkar A. Microbial alkaline serine proteases: Production, properties and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021 Apr;37(4):63.
Garba U. Production of Alkaline Enzymes by Alkalophilic Microorganisms: Part II. Alkaline Amylase Produced by Bacillus No. A-40-2. Agric Biol Chem. 2024 Nov;35(11):1783–91.
Galdino ACM, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS, Viganor L. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Arsenal of Proteases: Weapons to Battle the Host. In: Chakraborti S, Dhalla NS, editors. Pathophysiological Aspects of Proteases. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2017. p. 381–97.
Tang XY, Wu B, Ying HJ, He BF. Biochemical Properties and Potential Applications of a Solvent-Stable Protease from the High-Yield Protease Producer Pseudomonas aeruginosa PT121. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2010 Feb;160(4):1017–31.
Ramesh S, Rajesh M, Mathivanan N. Characterization of a thermostable alkaline protease produced by marine Streptomyces fungicidicus MML1614. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2009 Oct;32(6):791–800.
Cui H, Wang L, Yu Y. Production and Characterization of Alkaline Protease from a High Yielding and Moderately Halophilic Strain of SD11 Marine Bacteria. J Chem. 2015;2015:1–8.
Thakur N, Kumar A, Sharma A, Bhalla TC, Kumar D. Purification and characterization of alkaline, thermostable and organic solvent stable protease from a mutant of Bacillus sp. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 2018 Oct;16:217–24.
Rejisha RP, Murugan M. Alkaline protease production by halophilic Bacillus sp. strain SP II-4 and characterization with special reference to contact lens cleansing. Mater Today Proc. 2021;45:1757–60.
Manavalan T, Manavalan A, Ramachandran S, Heese K. Identification of a Novel Thermostable Alkaline Protease from Bacillus megaterium-TK1 for the Detergent and Leather Industry. Biology. 2020 Dec 16;9(12):472.
Zada S, Khan M, Sajjad W, Rafiq M, Sajjad W, Su Z. Isolation and characterization of a cold‐active, detergent‐stable protease from Serratia sp. TGS1. J Basic Microbiol. 2023 Oct;63(10):1165–76.
Muhammad A, Mehrabi M, Sajadimajd S. Purification Characterization and Optimization Fermentation Parameters of Alkaline Protease Enzyme produced from BACILLUS SUBTILIS Strain BS.HK. Iran J Biotechnol. 2023 Aug;19(3).
Ullah N, Rehman MU, Sarwar A, Nadeem M, Nelofer R, Shakir HA, et al. Purification, Characterization, and Application of Alkaline Protease Enzyme from a Locally Isolated Bacillus cereus Strain. Fermentation. 2022 Nov 11;8(11):628.
Masi C, Gemechu G, Tafesse M. Isolation, screening, characterization, and identification of alkaline protease-producing bacteria from leather industry effluent. Ann Microbiol. 2023 Dec;71(1):24.
Rao MB, Tanksale AM, Ghatge MS, Deshpande VV. Molecular and biotechnological aspects of microbial proteases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Sep;62(3):597–635.
Chakraborty A, Puja R, Bose K. Protein Purification by Ion Exchange Chromatography. In: Bose K, editor. Textbook on Cloning, Expression and Purification of Recombinant Proteins. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2022. p. 173–98.
Rocha FTB, Brandão-Costa RMP, Neves AGD, Cardoso KBB, Nascimento TP, Albuquerque WWC, et al. Purification and characterization of a protease from Aspergillus sydowii URM5774: Coffee ground residue for protease production by solid state fermentation. An Acad Bras Ciênc. 2021;93(suppl 3):e20200867.
Wei M, Chen P, Zheng P, Tao X, Yu X, Wu D. Purification and characterization of aspartic protease from Aspergillus niger and its efficient hydrolysis applications in soy protein degradation. Microb Cell Fact. 2023 Mar 3;22(1):42.
Shukla A, Girdhar M, Mohan A. Applications of Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industry. In: Karnwal A, Mohammad Said Al-Tawaha AR, editors. Food Microbial Sustainability. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2023. p. 173–92.
Zvereva LV, Borzykh OG. Fungi in Deep-Sea Ecosystems of the World Ocean: A Review. Russ J Mar Biol. 2022 Jun;48(3):139–48.
Uba G, Bala M, Abdullah MM, Saat MNF, Gunasekaran B, Shukor MY. The Application of Crude Ginger Protease as an Inhibitive Assay for Heavy Metals. J Environ Microbiol Toxicol. 2019;7(1):48–53.
Joshi N, Kocher GS, Kalia A, Banga HS. Development of nano-silver alkaline protease bio-conjugate depilating eco-benign formulation by utilizing potato peel based medium. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020 Jun;152:261–71.
Imanaka T. Molecular bases of thermophily in hyperthermophiles. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B. 2011;87(9):587–602.
Song P, Zhang X, Wang S, Xu W, Wang F, Fu R, et al. Microbial proteases and their applications. Front Microbiol. 2023 Sep 14;14:1236368.
Amira HAA, Eida MAK. Recovery of silver from used X-ray film using alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis sub sp. subtilis. Afr J Biotechnol. 2016 Jun 29;15(26):1413–6.
Aruna V, Chandrakala V, Angajala G, Nagarajan ER. Proteases: An overview on its recent industrial developments and current scenario in the revolution of biocatalysis. Mater Today Proc. 2023;92:565–73.
Auta HS, Aboyeji DO, Bala JD, Abioye OP, Adabara NU, Aransiola SA, et al. Marine Microbial Enzymes: An Overview. In: Maddela NR, Abiodun AS, Prasad R, editors. Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore; 2022. p. 83–104. (Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology).
Zhang X, Li Y, Yu Z, Liang X, Qi S. Phylogenetic diversity and bioactivity of culturable deep-sea-derived fungi from Okinawa Trough. J Oceanol Limnol. 2021 May;39(3):892–902.
Mustefa Beyan S, Venkatesa Prabhu S, Mumecha TK, Gemeda MT. Production of Alkaline Proteases using Aspergillus sp. Isolated from Injera: RSM-GA Based Process Optimization and Enzyme Kinetics Aspect. Curr Microbiol. 2021 May;78(5):1823–34.
Andreaus J, Camassola M, Faber M de O, Ferreira-Leitão VS. Editorial – ENZITEC special edition 2016 industrial applications of enzymes in Brazil. In: Andreaus J, Camassola M, Faber M de O, Ferreira-Leitão VS, editors. Biocatal Biotransform. 2018;37(1):1. Taylor & Francis. doi: 10.1080/10242422.2018.1543282.
Kopilovic B, Valente A, Ferreira AM, Almeida MR, Tavares APM, Freire MG, Coutinho JAP. Towards the sustainable extraction and purification of non-animal proteins from biomass using alternative solvents. In: Kopilovic B, Valente A, Ferreira AM, Almeida MR, Tavares APM, Freire MG, Coutinho JAP, editors. RSC Sustain. 2023;1(6):1314. Royal Society of Chemistry. doi: 10.1039/d3su00062a.
Remonatto D, Lerin LA. Biocatalysis and Bioactive Molecules: Future and Development. In: Remonatto D, Lerin LA, editors. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(6):5571. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065571.2.
Motiwalla MJ a, Punyarthi PP b, Mehta MK b, D’Souza JS a, Kelkar-Mane V b. Studies on degradation efficiency of polycaprolactone by a naturally-occurring bacterium. J Environ Biol. 2013;34(1):43–9.
Pandey K, Saharan B, Kumar R, Jabborova D, Duhan J. Modern-Day Green Strategies for the Removal of Chromium from Wastewater. J Xenobiotics. 2024 Nov 3;14.
Abba O, Anyaoha V, Obianom A, Chisom A, Odibo F. Isolation and Characterization of Keratinase Producing Organisms from Fish Scale Dumpsite at Gusau Dam, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria. Int J Res Innov Appl Sci. 2024 Sep 21;IX:745–55.
Halmi M, Sakeh NSM, Masdor N, Baskaran G, Wasoh H, Syed MA, et al. The application of plant proteases from garlic (Allium sativum) for biomonitoring of heavy metals in the environment. Asian J Plant Biol. 2015;2(2):53–9.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
