Dyes in Aquatic Environments: Sources, Impacts, Removal Technologies and the Emerging Role of Microbial Biosorption
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54987/jebat.v8i2.1190Keywords:
Biosorption, Dye Pollution, Wastewater Treatment, Binding Mechanisms, Process OptimizationAbstract
The textile, paper, leather, food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, printing and related industries cannot do without synthetic and natural dyes, but their release to water is still a major environmental problem. The review is generic for dye pollution and not based on a single model dye. Evidence for dye chemistry, environmental behavior, treatment techniques, biosorbent selection, sorption mechanisms, process variables, characterization, kinetic and equilibrium modeling and thermodynamics are brought together. Dyes have a wide range of charge, chromophore, molecular size, hydrophobicity and reactivity. Therefore, treatment performance cannot be generalized for all dye-adsorbent pairs. Physical and chemical technologies can offer fast color removal, while biological processes are less demanding in terms of chemicals and energy, but may require longer treatment times or combined treatment trains. Microbial biomass is particularly stressed as a biosorbent because cell wall polymers provide carboxyl, phosphate, amino, hydroxyl and related binding sites which facilitate electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions and other sorption mechanisms. Also, the literature shows that the apparent capacity and removal efficiency are jointly controlled by pH, biomass dose, initial dye concentration, contact time, temperature and agitation. A new bibliometric re-examination of the given reference list reveals that the prevailing inter-related topics are adsorption/biosorption, biomass, kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics and recurring model dyes. Future work should extend beyond single-dye batch tests to mixed-dye matrices, saline real effluents, regeneration, continuous-flow operation, mass-transfer analysis, nonlinear fitting of models, life-cycle assessment, and techno-economic validation
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