Bioactive Peptides Derived from Waste Valorization: Sources, Processing Technologies, Bioactivities, Industrial Applications, and Future Perspectives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54987/jebat.v8i2.1189Keywords:
Bioactive peptides, Waste valorization, Food by-products, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Subcritical waterAbstract
A large quantity of by-products rich in proteins that are often underutilized is often produced from agricultural production, aquaculture, slaughtering and industrial food processing. These byproducts can be used to generate biologically active peptide sequences. The recovery of these peptides is an important circular-bioeconomy strategy where these low-value residues can be transformed into high value functional ingredients with nutritional, technological or therapeutic potential. In this review the valorization of agricultural residues, aquaculture by-products, animal-processing waste and industrial food-processing streams as sources of bioactive peptides are discussed. The review covers pretreatment, protein extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, subcritical-water processing, ultrasound- and microwave-assisted technologies, ultrafiltration, chromatographic purification, peptide identification, biological activities, industrial utilization and barriers to commercialization. To achieve controlled peptide liberation several methods are often used, of which the first is enzymatic hydrolysis, while subcritical-water technologies is the second most often used strategy that can provide an enzyme-free alternative with the potential for fast conversion of proteinaceous side streams. Membrane fractionation and chromatography are key in the enrichment and identification of active fractions, of which these fractions contained peptides and hydrolysates that have shown antioxidant, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitory, dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV inhibitory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, metal-chelating, and techno-functional effects. Important feedstocks include rice bran, rapeseed meal, soybean meal, wheat germ, fish skins and frames, slaughterhouse blood, bovine plasma, porcine plasma, and brewer’s spent grain. These bioactive peptides have applications in nutraceuticals, functional foods, pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals and natural food preservation systems. Challenges for scaling up requires better process yield, bitterness control, scalable purification, demonstrated gastrointestinal stability and bioavailability, rigorous safety assessment, regulatory approval and integrated techno-economic and life-cycle evaluation.
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